tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1963349752748065172024-03-17T02:06:16.420-06:00Cooling InflammationInflammation is the foundation for cancer and degenerative/autoimmune diseases. Small changes in diet and exercise, e.g. omega-3 oils, vitamin D, low starch, and maintaining muscle mass, can dramatically alter predisposition to disease and aging, and minimize the negative impact of genetic risks. Based on my experience in biological research, I am trying to explain how the anti-inflammatory diet and lifestyle combat disease. 190 more articles at http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.comDr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.comBlogger219125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-8208810172739548632015-08-22T18:19:00.000-06:002015-08-22T18:19:38.828-06:00Common Medicines Make Superbugs, Not Prescription Antibiotics<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- The other 200 posts ---</a></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Careless prescriptions and cattle fattening antibiotics are blamed for the rise of superbugs resistant to everything in the hospital arsenal, but that’s all wrong.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Antibiotics fail, because we are all abusing common medicines that also have powerful antibiotic activity.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">All painkillers, anti-inflammatories, statins, antidepressants, and the whole list of common pharmaceuticals are the problem.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">We simply use too many drugs.</span></div>
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Common drugs should also be labeled as antibiotics, because they kill the sensitive bacteria in your gut and leave behind just the resistant bacteria. Unfortunately, the genetic mutations that make your gut bacteria resistant to drugs, also provide resistance to antibiotics needed to stop infections and that broad resistance to antibiotics can spread to pathogens that then become the dreaded superbugs.</div>
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<b>Here are the simple facts that I have discussed at length in <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/06/antibiotic-resistance-superbugs-and.html">another post:</a></b></div>
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<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Statins were antibiotics that were repurposed to lower LDL, “bad cholesterol.”</li>
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<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Antidepressants, such as Prozac, Zoloft, etc. are antibiotics.</li>
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<b>Common Drugs Are Actually Antibiotics</b></div>
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Most pharmaceuticals are derived from phytochemicals, a.k.a antioxidants, adapted in plants to kill microorganisms, i.e. as natural antibiotics. It is not surprising that drugs = antibiotics. What is surprising is that people assume that if antibiotics are labeled with some other activity, that they cease to be antibiotics. All drugs are also antibiotics and that is why a major side effect of most medicines is upset gut bacteria.</div>
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<b>Overuse of Common Drugs Produces Superbugs</b></div>
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Simply put, common medicines you swallow, kill bacteria in your bowels. Some bacteria survive and are called “drug resistant.” Bacteria accumulate resistances to several different kinds of drugs and are called “multidrug resistant.” As might be expected, hospitals are the breeding grounds for multidrug resistant, mutant bacteria of all different types. Unfortunately, anyone who takes several types of medications is also a source for multidrug resistant bacteria, so nursing homes are the most frequent sources of superbugs that cause outbreaks of hospital infections.</div>
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<b>The Only Way to Stop Superbugs is to Use Less Drugs</b></div>
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The bottom line is that even if doctors start to use antibiotics more rationally and antibiotic use in agriculture is eliminated, superbugs will still be a big problem, because they will be produced by excessive use of common drugs, i.e. those found on the shelves of drug stores and supermarkets, as well as prescribed by doctors. </div>
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<b>The only solution to the superbug problem is to reduce pharmaceutical use by 99%.</b></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com602tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-58896215165182461742015-07-20T12:47:00.000-06:002015-07-20T12:50:56.375-06:00HELLP, Preeclampsia, Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Basic Triplets<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(37, 37, 37); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: #252525;">—-the other 200 posts —-</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clotted RBCs in Capillary</td></tr>
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Some of my research involves the unique properties of <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=milk">milk</a> and the development of the immune system, so I talk to medical people, lactation researchers and occasionally discuss the control of inflammation involved in ovulation, fertilization, implantation, gestation, labor and lactation. It is clear to me that there are a few trends in disruption of these pregnancy processes resulting from the modern increase in inflammation and gut-related problems linked with immune tolerance. Infertility is increasing, because women are becoming more chronically inflamed. Miscarriages and premature births/low birth weight are increasing, because chronic inflammation enhances labor. Pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure and protein leaking into the urine) results from chronic inflammation and omega-3 fatty acid depletion. Now an even scarier form of pre-eclampsia, HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets) is on the rise. I want to discuss HELLP to put all of these pregnancy-related problems into perspective.</div>
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<b>HELLP, Cause and Cure Unknown?</b></div>
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HELLP is an autoimmune disease and I have repeatedly discussed the cause of <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">autoimmune diseases</a>: 1) inflammation, 2) deficiency of Tregs (immune tolerance) and 3) antigen basic triplets (antigen presentation). When HELLP was recently brought to my attention with a sudden rise in local hospitals, I decided to see if it could be easily explained and cured, just by examining the available medical literature. Wikipedia indicated that the cause and cure was not known and that was confirmed by local doctors, who just treat the symptoms by early deliveries and long stays for the babies in neonatal intensive care units. My work was cut out for me.</div>
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<b>Autoimmune Disease with Unknown Autoantigen </b></div>
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An examination of the symptoms, rupture of blood cells (fibrin production), liver damage, clotting (low serum heparin), high blood pressure (capillary apoptosis), proteinuria (low heparan sulfate (HS) to prevent protein loss), pointed to some obvious treatments and the causes. Infertility is often treated by <i>in vitro</i> fertilization/insemination, supported with aspirin and heparin injections to maintain gestation. These treatments are consistent with high levels of chronic inflammation that block implantation and stimulate labor. Infertility is also associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. A closer look at the antiphospholipid antibodies showed that they were directed against β<sub>2</sub>-glycoprotein-I. <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">So, I expected the β</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">2</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">-glycoprotein-I protein to be the original target for the antibodies, the initiating antigen, but when I looked up the sequence of that protein, it lacked the expected<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=basic+triplet"> basic triplet </a>I have found in all</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">other autoantigens and allergens.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">This meant to me that there was a different protein with a related sequence that started the HELLP autoimmune disease.</span></div>
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<b>Attack on P-Selectin Starts Immune Autoimmunity</b></div>
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I checked for other proteins with related sequences and basic triplets (RKR in the carboxy terminal sequence below), and found P-selectin that is produced most abundantly in liver and on the surface of blood cells. A quick search of the literature showed that P-selectin reacts with anti-phospholipid antibodies and has a pair of basic triplets that enhance immune presentation and make this protein a strong candidate for becoming an autoantigen. Antibodies against P-selectin will cause clotting as seen in HELLP.</div>
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ref|NP_002996.2| P-selectin precursor [Homo sapiens]:</div>
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......carboxy terminalGTLLALL<b><span style="font-size: large;">RKR</span></b>FRQKDDGKCPLNPHSHLGTYGVFTNAAFDPSP</div>
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<b>Antibiotics and Liver Damage</b></div>
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I suspect that HELLP is caused by a combination of liver damage and prior exposure to antibiotics (or common drugs that have antibiotic activity) that cause gut dysbiosis, i.e. loss of gut bacteria that stimulate development of the suppressive part of the immune system, e.g. deficiency in regulatory T cells, Tregs. Examples of the type of liver damage that may lead to HELLP are excessive consumption of alcohol (alcoholic fatty liver) or <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=fructose+liver">high fructose corn syrup</a> (non-alcoholic fatty liver).</div>
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<b>HELLP from Cause to Cure</b><br />
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<li>Diet and/or infection causes liver inflammation.</li>
<li>Antibiotics/drugs and/or processed foods lacking prebiotic fiber produce gut dysbiosis.</li>
<li>Lack of gut bacteria needed for development of the immune system in the gut produces a deficiency of Tregs and dysfunction of immune tolerance.</li>
<li>Liver inflammation, deficiency of Tregs and availability of antigens with basic triplets leads to antibodies against liver proteins.</li>
<li>Chronic inflammation leads to decrease in HS production and leaky kidneys/proteinuria.</li>
<li>Chronic inflammation/liver damage produces fibrin production.</li>
<li>Fibrin production and low HS enhances clotting and leads to apoptosis/cell death in capillaries.</li>
<li>Loss of capillaries leads to high blood pressure.</li>
<li>Cure of HELLP, anti-phospholipid antibodies and pre-ecampsia, involves lowering chronic inflammation (aspirin and heparin treatment) with an <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/09/anti-inflammatory-diet.html">Anti-Inflammatory Diet</a>, fixing vitamin D deficiency, increasing omega 3/6 ratio, and repairing gut dysbiosis to fix immune tolerance.</li>
<li>Without these interventions, HELLP symptoms will become more severe, especially in subsequent pregnancies and additional autoimmune diseases will develop.</li>
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com39tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-9585398092244078702015-06-24T15:30:00.000-06:002015-06-24T15:45:43.181-06:00Making Monsters, Renegade C. butyricum and E. coli<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">
---<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">The other 200 posts</a>---</div>
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It is common knowledge that our gut is teeming with good bacteria that we feed with prebiotic fiber to keep us healthy. But a sick gut, caused by antibiotics or fiber deficient processed food, can make us susceptible to infection with pathogens, such as the notorious, toxin-producing strains of <i>E. coli</i> that cause food poisoning or <i>Clostridium difficile</i>, a.k.a. C. diff. of hospital infections. What prompted me to write this post, was reading that premature babies in neonatal intensive care units are dying from gut infections caused by a pathogenic strain of <i>C. butyricum,</i> known as a probiotic that provides protection from C. diff.</div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2015/01/healthy-gut-microbiota-means-no.html"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Healthy Gut Microbiota</span></a></div>
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<b>New Toxin-Producing, Antibiotic Superbugs are Manmade</b></div>
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Closer examination of the report revealed that the new strain of <i>C. butyricum</i> is a toxin producer. This made a lot of sense to me. When I started working with <i>E. coli</i> in the early 70’s, it was known as the safe ubiquitous lab bacterium that everyone cultivated in their colons. Similarly, <i>C. butyricum </i>is present in commercial probiotics and is a hero for producing butyric acid from resistant starch, promoting immune system development and reducing inflammation. How did these beneficial gut bacteria become converted into pathogens?</div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=antibiotic+resistance">Source of Antibiotic Resistant Superbugs</a></div>
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<b>Antibiotic and Drug Use in Hospitals and Farms Select for Antibiotic Resistance</b></div>
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<i>C. butyricum and E. coli </i>have<i> </i>been converted into toxin-producing, antibiotic resistant pathogens by common procedures of meat production and hospital treatments. These bacteria do not normally produce toxins nor are they resistant to antibiotics. They have been systematically selected for those pathogenic properties.</div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=nec">Formula Contributes to NEC</a></div>
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<b>Common Practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units Lead to NEC</b></div>
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Chronic inflammation is one of the common contributing factors to premature births, because labor is stimulated by a spike of inflammation, normally occurring at 40 weeks of gestation. Chronic inflammation from autoimmune disease, infection, or obesity, can cause labor to be early and a newborn to be unprepared for life without some special care. Unfortunately, there is not uniform enlightenment about the development of newborn gut flora, and immature newborns are exposed to antibiotics and formula, which prevent normal gut flora development. <i>C. butyricum</i> is not present in low birth weight babies exclusively fed breast milk, but the combination of antibiotics and formula select for colonization by antibiotic resistant hospital strains of <i>C. butyricum</i>. This sets the stage for necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC, which is as nasty and lethal as the name suggests.</div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=coli">Toxin Producing E. Coli are Manmade</a></div>
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<b>Antibiotics Used to Make Fat Cattle Select for Toxin Production</b></div>
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The development of toxin producing <i>E. coli</i> in cattle suggests how pathogenic <i>C. butyricum </i>was produced in the hospital environment. <i>E. coli</i> was a healthy component of the digestive system of cattle, until the gut flora community was reengineered by antibiotics, so that short chain fatty acids that were normally converted into more gut bacteria and more steer manure, were instead absorbed by the gut to produce a fatter steak. Unfortunately, this newly designed gut flora community left no place for <i>E. coli. </i>Some of the E. coli spontaneously mutated to antibiotic resistance and/or picked up multi-drug resistant plasmids from other bacteria, but that still didn’t provide a niche in the new community. Picking up a toxin-producing gene solved that problem, because the toxin releases needed nutrients from host cells. Thus, antibiotic use in cattle directly selected for the evolution of toxin-producing, antibiotic resistant <i>E. coli.</i></div>
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<b>Antibiotics and Formula Use Lead to NEC Bacteria</b></div>
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Toxin-producing <i>C. butyricum </i>would be expected to develop in the hospital environment, because high antibiotic use will select for multiple drug resistant <i>C. butyricum, </i>and the disrupted gut flora produced in the presence of antibiotics will also favor toxin producing strains. Thus, the hospital environment selects for toxin-producing, multiple drug resistant <i>C. butyricum</i>. The gut flora of newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit are acquired from the staff and relatives that handle the babies. Since the babies are routinely treated with antibiotics and drugs, multiple drug resistant bacteria, including <i>C. butyricum</i>, are common in fecal samples of neonates and persist for at least two years. </div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=nec">Breastmilk Prevents NEC in Newborns</a></div>
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<b>Breastfeeding or Donor Bank Milk Avoids NEC Caused by Formula</b></div>
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Exclusive use of breastmilk from mothers, donor banks or breastmilk products, eliminates NEC. Some hospitals respond to the scientific evidence and use only breastmilk for newborns. Other hospitals simply stick to old practices until law suits force them to change. They continue to use formula and cow’s milk products, even though breastmilk is available, and as a consequence NEC is still a problem. Prejudice against breastmilk persists and there is intense promotion of commercial alternatives that contribute to NEC. None of the alternatives containing probiotics and prebiotics have been found to be adequate. Hospitals are slow to change, because patients are uninformed and low birthweight babies continue to die.</div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com48tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-11194175611627399632015-02-27T13:31:00.000-07:002015-02-27T13:40:16.210-07:00Disease Genes in the Gut Microbiota<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Species of Gut Microbiota</td></tr>
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Summary: Doctors take medical histories and enquire about family diseases. It seems like they think there are human genes behind human diseases, but when we say, “It runs in the family,” what we actually mean is our gut bacteria, microbiota, are shared with relatives along with our eating habits. Diseases result from problems with gut bacteria and not from problems with our genes.</div>
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<b>Genetic Diseases are Rare</b></div>
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Not too many years ago, the technology for massive projects to thoroughly identify the genes behind the most prevalent human diseases became available. The results were clear and shocking. Genes were not a major contributor (less than 10%) to disease. And yet, the families studied clearly had a major predisposition to each of the diseases studied. Something was causing the disease in those families, but it just wasn’t any of the 23,000 genes identified in the human genome project. People all have essentially the same physiology determined by very similar genes. Health differences are predominantly due to gut bacteria.</div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/health/research/13genome.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">A Decade Later, Genetic Map Yields Few New Cures</a></div>
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<b>Genes are not Destiny</b></div>
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Commercial analysis of personal gene sequences was recently prohibited as a method of determining risk of disease, because the link between gene sequences and risk could not be substantiated. The reality is that, aside from a few obvious molecular diseases, most genetic variations in gene sequences do not matter in an otherwise healthy person. There aren’t Alzheimer’s or obesity or heart disease genes. Diet, gut microbiota, sleep and exercise are far more (>90%) important. Most genetic risk factors can be overcome by an <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/09/anti-inflammatory-diet.html">Anti-Inflammatory Diet </a>with fermented vegetables, and a robust gut microbiota protected from medicine/antibiotics.</div>
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<b>Gut Bacteria are Family</b></div>
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So if it is not human genes that run in families to make relatives share similar diseases, what is making them sick? Relatives share their eating habits and gut bacteria. This makes sense. Diet and gut microbiota are the major determinants of disease and relatives pass their bacteria around the table with their food. There are eating habits and particular patterns of gut microbiota that lead to common diseases. Unbeknownst to us, most of the diseases of modern life, e.g. heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disease, mental illness, are transmissible by gut bacteria.</div>
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<b>The Hygiene Hypothesis is Right and Wrong</b></div>
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For decades it has been obvious that early exposure to a farm environment, meaning an abundance of microbes, a diverse microbiota, eliminates allergies and many autoimmunities. The Hygiene Hypothesis explained how early exposure to abundant microorganisms could eliminate allergies, as an early exposure to antigens that trained the immune system. Early training of the immune system was later discounted, but the Hygiene Hypothesis then morphed into the current explanation, that early development of a diverse gut microbiota is needed to produce a healthy immune system.</div>
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<b>Fix Your Diet, Fix Your Gut Microbiota and Fix Your Diseases</b></div>
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The good news is that all of the chronic diseases that threaten your future can be cured by just fixing your diet and repairing the complex bacterial communities in your gut. Your immune system is critical to your health and damage to your immune system is the typical beginning to most diseases. Damage to the immune system starts in the gut, where the aggressive and suppressive halves of the immune system develop in response to particular species of bacteria. Those essential bacteria grow on the food in your diet that is not digested in the stomach and absorbed as nutrients in the small intestines, i.e. prebiotic fiber. Thus, you eat to feed yourself and your gut bacteria. Without the gut bacteria, you would be deficient in vitamins, your immune system would cease to function and you would be constipated. Fixing your diet and gut microbiota will cure your diseases.</div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2012/06/dr-oz-on-gut-flora-repair.html">Posts that discuss repair of gut microbiota </a></div>
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com77tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-45258858484275278312015-01-29T17:06:00.001-07:002015-01-30T11:25:43.658-07:00Healthy Gut Microbiota Means: No Supplements, No Cleanses, No Drugs, No Processed Foods<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- other 200 posts ---</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCsMKDXzNYbaReZT4MwY2Yx5pya1-fnH5pWIlhKsAzqsIQI27gkAsiTDifMkwLIkn05R2HfsV5mOAUD1mRu0B3ImzEwAEvlKX112utqSs0Jmpe1cBN2WzqjTUK1dBL3grMGsyLMMdh35g/s1600/HP021_Xl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCsMKDXzNYbaReZT4MwY2Yx5pya1-fnH5pWIlhKsAzqsIQI27gkAsiTDifMkwLIkn05R2HfsV5mOAUD1mRu0B3ImzEwAEvlKX112utqSs0Jmpe1cBN2WzqjTUK1dBL3grMGsyLMMdh35g/s1600/HP021_Xl.jpg" height="200" width="103" /></a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">A healthy, functional gut microbiota (bacteria and fungi) supplies all of the vitamins needed, stimulates the development of a balanced immune system and promotes vitality.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">If you feed and maintain the diversity of the pounds of bacteria in your gut, you will be healthy.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">If you listen to the medical and food industries, you will be sick, i.e. a good patient/consumer.</span></div>
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<b>Supplements Compensate for Deficiencies/Sickness</b></div>
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The key to this discussion is the functions of the <span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;">healthy</span> communities of bacteria and fungi called the gut microbiota. These pounds of bacteria produce all of the vitamins that your body needs, and spiking your diet with multivitamins may disrupt your microbiota, because vitamins are actually the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=skin+vitamin+D">chemical signals</a> used for communications between bacteria in biofilms. Numerous studies have shown that daily multivitamins are not beneficial, so if you see extra vitamins on the ingredients label, try some whole foods instead. If, however, you have been exposed to antibiotics or other medications, since most have potent antibiotic activities, then your gut bacteria may not be producing vitamins normally, and you may need to supplement. Vitamin deficiencies are a symptom of gut dysbiosis, damaged gut microbiota.</div>
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<b>Vitamin D is a Steroid Hormone Produced from Cholesterol in Skin by Sunlight</b></div>
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Most people know that sunlight striking <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=skin+vitamin+D">skin produces vitamin D</a>, but they still think that they can get a significant amount of vitamin D from their diet. The confusion comes from the fact that vitamin D is a major hormone that influences many body systems including bone production and immunity. So in the absence of skin production of vitamin D, the low amounts added to milk are sufficient to prevent deficiency/rickets. However, chronic inflammation can block solar production of vitamin D, so that even individuals near the equator and basking daily still remain deficient. Vitamin D deficiency may also, insidiously, be a major source of chronic inflammation. Thus, most individuals treated for deficiency with supplemental vitamin D3, do not reach high enough levels to suppress chronic inflammation and restart solar production, so they remain deficient. Chronic inflammation is a symptom of vitamin D deficiency.</div>
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<b>Bowel Cleanses Damage Gut Microbiota</b></div>
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The bowels are a long tubelike conveyance and it takes food about a day to travel from table to toilet. In the colon, all of the plant polysaccharide fibers remaining after removal of sugar, starch, fat and protein, are digested by enzymes of the microbiota and converted into more bacteria and short chain fatty acids that feed the colon tissue. There is nothing toxic left behind in the colon. Protein from meat is readily digested in the stomach and the first part of the small intestines. Plant materials cannot be digested without the help of a complex array of hundreds of enzymes produced by gut bacteria. Food intolerances are caused by the loss of particular bacterial species needed for complete digestion of one type of plant fiber. The bacteria form the stools, and insufficient healthy bowel bacteria, normally fed by the fiber, is the cause of constipation. Clearly, flushing out bacteria with a "cleanse" is unhealthy and counterproductive. There is nothing in the colon but gut bacteria and fiber to feed the bacteria. Those bacteria are needed for vitamin production, normal development of the immune system and normal stools. A cleanse merely removes healthy gut bacteria and leads to constipation or replacement by pathogens. </div>
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<b>Processing Removes Prebiotic Fiber from Food and Starves Gut Microbiota</b></div>
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Diverse and complex plant polysaccharides, e.g. pectin, arabinogalactan, various glucans and fructans, are systematically digested by hundreds of different bacterial enzymes of the healthy gut microbiota. The sugars that result are eventually converted into short chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, that feed the cells lining the colon. The plant polysaccharides that feed gut bacteria are called prebiotics. Unfortunately, prebiotics are removed during food processing to enhance ease of preparation and palatability. The result of decreased dietary prebiotics is selective starvation and removal of bacterial species needed for the development of the immune system, and autoimmune diseases.</div>
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<b>Most Medicines Have Substantial Antibiotic Activity and Damage Gut Microbiota</b></div>
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It is not surprising that antibiotics damage the bacteria in the gut. What most people don’t realize is that most pharmaceuticals/medicines are developed from the natural antibiotics of plants, phytoalexins. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated most <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=antibiotic+activity">common medicines, e.g. statins, NSAID, antidepressants, etc. have substantial antibiotic activity</a> and damage gut bacteria. Surgeons commonly suggest that patients eat yogurt to help repair their gut micro biomes after operations and antibiotics, but they don’t tell them how to fix their gut and immune system as they take medications for the rest of their lives. The permanently damaged gut just causes further deterioration of the immune system and health.</div>
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<b>Damaged Gut Microbiotas/Immune Systems Can Be Fixed</b></div>
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I have several other <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=repair+gut+flora">posts on repair </a>of gut microbiota.</div>
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Examination of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic medicinal preparations.</div>
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Kruszewska H<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black;">1, <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(50, 51, 51);">Zareba T</span>, <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(50, 51, 51);">Tyski S</span>. </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Acta Pol Pharm. 2012. 69(6):1368-71.</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com135tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-52892785145411096122015-01-22T15:48:00.000-07:002015-01-29T17:21:50.439-07:00Essential Oils, Phytoalexins, Drugs Are All Antibiotics<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- the other 200 posts ---</a></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Superbug multidrug resistant plasmid</td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">A recent, informative article by Tori Rodriguez for </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">The Atlantic</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> suggests that,</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/the-new-antibiotics-might-be-essential-oils/384247/">Essential Oils Might Be the New Antibiotics</a>.<br />
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I want to discuss other ramifications of using essential oils as antibiotics to avoid multiple antibiotic resistant superbugs.</div>
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The logic for using essential oils in place of medical antibiotics is compelling: </div>
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<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Essential oils are extracts of plants, which have myriad traditional uses, including food.</li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Most antibiotic use is to increase livestock production. </li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Antibiotics selectively kill gut bacteria in livestock and make them obese.</li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Antibiotic resistance occurs within a week of use in livestock (or people.)</li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Medical antibiotics are quickly losing efficacy.</li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Antibiotic resistance genes quickly move from agriculture to superbugs to people.</li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Plants/essential oils contain natural antibiotics that kill gut flora and increase livestock productivity.</li>
<li style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Resistance to essential oil antibiotic activity is slower, because of simultaneous use of multiple antibiotics.</li>
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<b>Obesity is a Symptom of Antibiotic Damage to Gut Microbiome</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4tK1YRuYU38TcioEM0FTfPUz_MBlG457E7bxCIk7aNIU7jvTA2hc3_u8Um6yEA7plm0iEmGIdnUCqR4TwiHguWSA3jopBfjW-ryRuoZs6Vf5BEt4kbrFhqkCfapX5a7KWf7NR8L6cTJQ/s1600/marbled-steak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4tK1YRuYU38TcioEM0FTfPUz_MBlG457E7bxCIk7aNIU7jvTA2hc3_u8Um6yEA7plm0iEmGIdnUCqR4TwiHguWSA3jopBfjW-ryRuoZs6Vf5BEt4kbrFhqkCfapX5a7KWf7NR8L6cTJQ/s1600/marbled-steak.jpg" height="131" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Antibiotics make meat fatter</td></tr>
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We may enjoy a fat marbled steak, but the corn and antibiotics used to produce that mouth-watering plate of satiety, is not so healthy. Corn and antibiotics make that meat on the hoof fit for human consumption, but the cattle are quickly dying and the fat marbling is a symptom of cattle metabolic syndrome. The corn and antibiotics disrupt the bovine gut microbiota and alter energy flow. The result is prime beef. </div>
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<b>As It Is with Cattle, so It Is with Middle Americans</b></div>
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General descriptions of Americans with metabolic syndrome and steers ready for the abattoir are similar. That should not be surprising, because both are caused by damaged gut microbiota and consequences of metabolic syndrome. Americans routinely damage their gut microbiota with antibiotics (processed food, etc.) and the major symptoms of the resulting gut dysbiosis are chronic inflammation, depression, autoimmune diseases, obesity and metabolic syndrome. <a href="http://Repairing gut microbiomes">Repairing gut microbiota</a> reverses all of these symptoms. </div>
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<b>But Essential Oils Are Just Natural Antibiotics</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnziIdziYBW3nqVDhIwTW9WOiZghCr5iCWO8W4lV-UU_CMxAoIiK3Xo568RfaNGwEFyH7lB6GnBVO7n6UljNR-3nVRSmbjYwvbDxCvdJo5jqotn7vowKl04MEGf2tJ1Xr8Z2Vlk4jtzY/s1600/Essential-OIls-Naturally-Safe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnziIdziYBW3nqVDhIwTW9WOiZghCr5iCWO8W4lV-UU_CMxAoIiK3Xo568RfaNGwEFyH7lB6GnBVO7n6UljNR-3nVRSmbjYwvbDxCvdJo5jqotn7vowKl04MEGf2tJ1Xr8Z2Vlk4jtzY/s1600/Essential-OIls-Naturally-Safe.jpg" height="106" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Essential oils are natural antibiotics</td></tr>
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Is it better to use essential oils than medical antibiotics to fatten cattle or treat Lyme disease or hospital infections such as C. diff.? Most pharmaceuticals were derived from plants or fungi and were originally used to kill microorganisms, i.e. they were natural antibiotics. We call these phytochemicals by a variety of names, e.g. antioxidants or essential oils, but they are more appropriately called <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=phytoalexin">phytoalexins</a>, all natural, all plant, all toxic antibiotics. It is entertaining that essential oils have had so many different traditional and pharmaceutical uses, and yet they have always been experienced by microorganisms (and our livers) as simply toxic. Essential oils do have the significant advantage of being a mixture of antibiotics and might be very useful where pharmaceutical antibiotics have problems. The toxicity of essential oils, especially toward gut bacteria, should not be ignored.</div>
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<b>Resistance to Essential Oils as Antibiotics</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXe6LgeO5Q-Cfwzy-ltn2_nre-hhT_lE19Dcom8KzXbmMwvlhHDCFxTLD2nSTupZ61E_CMDslIjCa0cTseLuB8CC6K5rY-eh6klH4rISSCVzyNUn6XV8JzX2JD2yzg6xg2A4v80fr1hkc/s1600/4515205247_9667c85dde.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXe6LgeO5Q-Cfwzy-ltn2_nre-hhT_lE19Dcom8KzXbmMwvlhHDCFxTLD2nSTupZ61E_CMDslIjCa0cTseLuB8CC6K5rY-eh6klH4rISSCVzyNUn6XV8JzX2JD2yzg6xg2A4v80fr1hkc/s1600/4515205247_9667c85dde.jpg" height="135" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Antibiotic resistance develops in sewage</td></tr>
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I previously kept track of laboratory strains of bacteria by simply exposing large numbers of the bacteria to an antibiotic and selecting for the rare individual that had already spontaneous mutated (DNA replication error of one in a million). We could then use the new drug resistant strain in experiments and identify it by its resistance. The same thing happens to your gut bacteria with an overnight exposure to an antibiotic. And of course it also occurs immediately in livestock exposed to antibiotics or in sewage plants where tons of antibiotics and gut bacteria are mixed. Resistance to each of the chemicals in an essential oil also would rapidly occur, if bacteria were exposed to each alone and in a toxic concentration. This is repeatedly observed, since commonly used drugs are just individual components of essential oils that have been produced in large amounts in pills and marketed based on their predominant physiological activity, rather than just another antibiotic. Thus, resistance to a statin or Metformin, as antibiotics, could be easily observed (even on multiple drug resistance plasmids), but is just ignored.</div>
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<b>Essential Oils Are just Mixtures of Natural Antibiotics</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJEDPO8wuva4L7d26QpoByAR5fKu3zn46Ie7MoTP9cHtR7_gH_pbIbXH_SxWXskmCPchL5Sn0FfA9Dnr_Qp7vl8HdkxJ-rqWeIx0jOwYG6GMNirDhW6wUGBcWJpEKN3YBu1hxJrrRPVfw/s1600/2008731171666927-2008-09ReaF1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJEDPO8wuva4L7d26QpoByAR5fKu3zn46Ie7MoTP9cHtR7_gH_pbIbXH_SxWXskmCPchL5Sn0FfA9Dnr_Qp7vl8HdkxJ-rqWeIx0jOwYG6GMNirDhW6wUGBcWJpEKN3YBu1hxJrrRPVfw/s1600/2008731171666927-2008-09ReaF1.jpg" height="177" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statins from fungal antibiotics</td></tr>
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The impact of essential oils on gut microbiota is unpredictable, because the composition of essential oils is highly dynamic and so are gut microbiota. Each component of an essential oil has a different spectrum of toxicities to hundreds of different target proteins to each of the hundreds of different species of bacteria in the human gut. Ingested essential oils are modified by the detox enzymes of the intestine and liver. The modified phytochemicals have different toxicities and act as additional antibiotics. Mixtures of antibiotics, as in essential oils, less likely to select for resistance than individual antibiotics, but an antibiotic is still just an antibiotic, regardless of whether it is straight from the plant or via a pharmaceutical salesman. </div>
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<b>Common Medicines Are the Source of Superbugs</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvdDHSTkAT2dhMiK0_Ul798Jck-huAO4Gl54TVPBgeFYYmrHyP2qW_LjuWaTO5cJxRuFHKKhztstfZ3kQY03ni695R0rOADEUyYlFfOlVTytFaTtwVK4nDQRhJ_s_9cZhq2N8KZy6opDg/s1600/antibiotic+628x363.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvdDHSTkAT2dhMiK0_Ul798Jck-huAO4Gl54TVPBgeFYYmrHyP2qW_LjuWaTO5cJxRuFHKKhztstfZ3kQY03ni695R0rOADEUyYlFfOlVTytFaTtwVK4nDQRhJ_s_9cZhq2N8KZy6opDg/s1600/antibiotic+628x363.jpg" height="200" width="130" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Common meds are antibiotics</td></tr>
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Doctors with prescription pads and steers eating antibiotics are blamed, I think unjustly, for the crisis of antibiotic resistance. The real culprit is you taking NSAIDs, statins, proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants and other common medicines. Since they are all developed from plant antibiotics, they are still antibiotics, and they still select for antibiotic resistance. It is important to remember that <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=antibiotic">pharmaceuticals are repurposed natural antibiotics</a> from plants. The answer to the superbugs that are resistant to all of the common antibiotics is to dramatically reduce the use of all pharmaceuticals. The initial goal should be a 90% reduction. Costly pharmaceutical chemicals could be replaced with preventive diets and less disruptive manipulations of gut microbiota, e.g. ingestion of capsules containing freeze-dried gut flora. This more gentle approach to health care would also provide huge cost savings, as well as vastly improving health.</div>
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-60787419375317412682015-01-19T14:20:00.001-07:002015-02-26T17:42:53.143-07:00Gut Microbiome 2014: Diet, Inflammation, Disease, and Repair<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- My other 200 posts here ---</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLxwhfKrRMLvP4rD-4K4W-LlivSia5B4NcO1_-RgVsdm3WBA2EdL_lfZv0wvRW2NW-9IZrTYZcqHVwd2NX5JnoYFSaYI-K0v-YhMqe5umgwMm6ocXesTaitXdEzT6WN8tnKwBcEacyVo/s1600/200image.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLxwhfKrRMLvP4rD-4K4W-LlivSia5B4NcO1_-RgVsdm3WBA2EdL_lfZv0wvRW2NW-9IZrTYZcqHVwd2NX5JnoYFSaYI-K0v-YhMqe5umgwMm6ocXesTaitXdEzT6WN8tnKwBcEacyVo/s1600/200image.001.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">The year 2014 began with my posts on damage to the gut microbiota</span> <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">caused by antibiotics, processed foods and excess hygiene.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">I lamented the inadequacy of information </span>from the media <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">on damage/repair of the gut bacteria and highlighted medical myths with a post on some of Dr. Oz’s own ills that are self-inflicted by his diet and hygiene recommendations.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">I also started to discuss how to cure autoimmune diseases by repairing damaged gut flora and by avoiding the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=superbug">antibiotic activity present in many common drugs</a>.</span></div>
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<b>With my 200th post in March, I summarized my thoughts on the causes and cures of common diseases in a series of diagrams on:</b></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-in-diagrams-i-gut-flora-and-diet.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Health Diagram I — Gut Flora and Diet,</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD954CNL-PnHXsJLetMZOZqXia5P6Aaqe89oN0KQ39pT9eXwscVXlEOiB19ZHSpr1EqZriaYIE15WzhzP9dGAH4iDDE0cR4bhJSJ2D0u4bNkBTXx7wj552rQyyjYVXr3aZXFuMjxkAkd0/s1600/Gut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD954CNL-PnHXsJLetMZOZqXia5P6Aaqe89oN0KQ39pT9eXwscVXlEOiB19ZHSpr1EqZriaYIE15WzhzP9dGAH4iDDE0cR4bhJSJ2D0u4bNkBTXx7wj552rQyyjYVXr3aZXFuMjxkAkd0/s1600/Gut.jpg" height="142" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Health Diagram II</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">— Curing Autoimmunity and Allergies,</span></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixMQpLTicXPe6NAzB1pTWgQCYs0-7rkp33xi0D9WQ6bqV1Bk1xaM7bnklDxo8YP8-uGk-BXQyLGN04lJMP-IJVOHucgyZTJ3FrDKU1r47ATNF_aXMvmK8WbIFUYScSbmYai8QQAgs_gNo/s1600/Autoimmunity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixMQpLTicXPe6NAzB1pTWgQCYs0-7rkp33xi0D9WQ6bqV1Bk1xaM7bnklDxo8YP8-uGk-BXQyLGN04lJMP-IJVOHucgyZTJ3FrDKU1r47ATNF_aXMvmK8WbIFUYScSbmYai8QQAgs_gNo/s1600/Autoimmunity.jpg" height="110" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-iii-inflammation-from.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;">Health Diagram III</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;">— Inflammation from Cell to Tissue </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-align: center;"> </span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7zxCNQb2bFe340HH0KFahIdNt4xpsNaqHp8xgsPIgkT9i0_FzV1IrlyKFMfe5wFIfD0j6j8onHbfnVoXexgGTQ5icP5mZosrn5Ovy6X2lA1ydE1wtUWhJuc3VZCuSTSA83WoNXgeQqM/s1600/InflammationDiagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7zxCNQb2bFe340HH0KFahIdNt4xpsNaqHp8xgsPIgkT9i0_FzV1IrlyKFMfe5wFIfD0j6j8onHbfnVoXexgGTQ5icP5mZosrn5Ovy6X2lA1ydE1wtUWhJuc3VZCuSTSA83WoNXgeQqM/s1600/InflammationDiagram.jpg" height="126" width="200" /></a></div>
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I illustrated the relationships among diet, inflammation and diseases mediated by gut flora that I have discussed, since I started my blog in 2008. Now after a couple of hundred articles and more than two million visits to my blog, I think that I am starting to grasp some of the major issues that cause inflammatory diseases. The cures also now seem obvious.</div>
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<b>Antibiotics Contribute to Autoimmune Diseases</b></div>
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Some species of gut bacteria are needed for the development of the aggressive half of the immune system and other species are needed for the suppressive half. Thus, starving or poisoning gut flora leads to immune system problems and diseases. Antibiotics are a quick way of crippling the immune system. It seems that the aggressive part of the immune system is less fragile, because in most cases antibiotic treatments produce autoimmune disease due to loss of bacteria that are needed for development of immune cells that block the aggressive half of the immune system from attacking innocuous cells of the body or environment, i.e. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">antibiotics usually trigger deficient tolerance, and autoimmunity</a>.</div>
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<b>Feed the Gut Microbiome for a Healthy Immune System</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC0n0eXXgAEgnf6Z1RoMNbLSwwJXa4nIi-NIjsILW89T1C2qCYffJ5e98156KH96XghI2oKVsJhVtB8lQDvwDbBycimUWr2dOMTYvF_n5IuGPyayAqqnBu5eTfGSO7McI34WsWmc7qq-k/s1600/Dysbiosis+and+Disease.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC0n0eXXgAEgnf6Z1RoMNbLSwwJXa4nIi-NIjsILW89T1C2qCYffJ5e98156KH96XghI2oKVsJhVtB8lQDvwDbBycimUWr2dOMTYvF_n5IuGPyayAqqnBu5eTfGSO7McI34WsWmc7qq-k/s1600/Dysbiosis+and+Disease.jpg" height="200" width="191" /></a>Diet provides food for the body and flora. Protein and fat are the macronutrients needed for the body, while the gut microbiota lives off of plant polysaccharides (except starch) that pass through the small intestines undigested into the colon. The hundreds of plant polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by hundreds of enzymes made by gut flora and produce short chain fatty acids, e.g. acetate and butyrate, that feed colon cells. Food processing systematically removes polysaccharides that feed gut flora and compromises the components of the immune system dependent on those bacteria.</div>
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<b>Repairing the Gut Microbiome by Eating the Missing Bacteria</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYCIk5nx7xhyphenhyphenwiy63jdzBt9coCweyL2TNF_-22MfBP2OUyY89R5vUd3a0Ws4_9YY_TNukawq5WGATK3sJeYk_gvlsUnmC67odacJJNwioyVAud4PElQkluBDCKNUFyiqGl-oRWHPjmtLI/s1600/Fermented+Vegetables+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYCIk5nx7xhyphenhyphenwiy63jdzBt9coCweyL2TNF_-22MfBP2OUyY89R5vUd3a0Ws4_9YY_TNukawq5WGATK3sJeYk_gvlsUnmC67odacJJNwioyVAud4PElQkluBDCKNUFyiqGl-oRWHPjmtLI/s1600/Fermented+Vegetables+Cover.jpg" height="200" width="180" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbIOITozzjYhoxxZZZ0eGhcZUx0H5WRGg0svXbFbdGU-GIugn507At0uEXBodY2UMnwYtxEX9TcABrEpn8auIq8Bju3qp2Ht_rVvFMA1iTmizMuJnmZR6os6AEcKBF_L_7Hnv8PuFPBFQ/s1600/Nijlpaard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbIOITozzjYhoxxZZZ0eGhcZUx0H5WRGg0svXbFbdGU-GIugn507At0uEXBodY2UMnwYtxEX9TcABrEpn8auIq8Bju3qp2Ht_rVvFMA1iTmizMuJnmZR6os6AEcKBF_L_7Hnv8PuFPBFQ/s1600/Nijlpaard.jpg" height="118" width="200" /></a>It is easier to see that eating a diet that lacks food for the gut microbiota will be a problem, than it is to figure out where to find replacements for lost species of gut bacteria. The only way that bacteria get into the gut is down the throat. To <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2012/06/dr-oz-on-gut-flora-repair.html">repair a damaged gut microbiota</a> requires both changing diet <span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;">and</span> introducing the missing types of bacteria by eating them. Eating dairy probiotics and <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/10/fermented-vegetables-repair-gut-flora.html">fermented vegetables</a> can provide a quick, but only temporary fix. Most of the needed bacteria are more common in soil than in food.</div>
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<b>Phytochemicals Are First and Foremost Antibiotics</b></div>
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I was shocked that my background in phytochemicals didn’t lead more directly to a major culprit causing modern diseases. The gut microbiota is clearly a major factor in health and sickness. Antibiotics that kill bacteria, damage the gut microbiota. It is also unsurprising that processing food to reduce soluble fiber, damages gut flora, by systematically depriving gut bacteria of their major source of food. The proliferation of antimicrobial products also damages the gut flora. What I missed in this onslaught of modern lifestyles on the gut microbiota, was the major player in antibiotic resistance — <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=phytochemical">phytochemicals are natural antibiotics. </a></div>
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<b>I Missed the Antibiotic Activity of Common Medicines</b></div>
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I studied phytochemicals and wrote research articles on their toxic, antibiotic activities, but everyone else was merchandizing phytochemicals as antioxidants, essential oils and superfoods. This is a major conceptual problem. Our bodies expend a significant fraction of our energy resources to detoxicify phytochemicals and human cultures have elaborate rituals to avoid phytochemicals and domesticate plants by breeding for the least toxic. What I missed was the implication that the pharmaceutical industry was repurposing toxic, <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Phytoalexin">antibiotic phytochemicals as medicines</a> and then skipping the "antibiotic" label.</div>
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<b>Unlabelled Antibiotic Drugs Cause the Rise of Superbugs</b></div>
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Overuse of antibiotics is a problem, because it damages the gut microbiome and contributes to the modern increase in autoimmunity. Food processing is another culprit and so is the mania for hyperhygiene and the demonization of bacteria. Unfortunately, the major culprit in the development of <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=superbug">multiple antibiotic resistant superbugs</a> is the tons of commonly used pharmaceuticals that systematically attack gut bacteria, but are not labelled as antibiotics. Most modern drugs were developed from phytochemicals and were initially used in plants to kill bacteria and fungi, i.e. phytoalexins. Pharmaceutical companies acknowledge the antibiotic activities of common drugs, by sponsoring research conferences to develop existing drugs as new classes of antibiotics for treatment of superbugs.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH0srlvYMfy67UpTWL2SZRXyqOIrS8gBK1ctT9rzrk3KAcnRGnfVUPpyfIkIRGDJQ1GUI7qTY1i80cKvMsM4t9xLN6P-HpCoi02ILEx8MqCPshoPCR81P6A50kdmwjVrM4malVzxYcEBc/s1600/Olibanum_resin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH0srlvYMfy67UpTWL2SZRXyqOIrS8gBK1ctT9rzrk3KAcnRGnfVUPpyfIkIRGDJQ1GUI7qTY1i80cKvMsM4t9xLN6P-HpCoi02ILEx8MqCPshoPCR81P6A50kdmwjVrM4malVzxYcEBc/s1600/Olibanum_resin.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Frankencense Resin</td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">'Tis the season to discuss <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/phytochemicals-natural-antibiotics-and.html">phytochemicals</a>.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">Plants produce a vast array of organic chemicals starting from molecules produced by all organisms, including humans.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">Essentially all of these phytochemicals are potent adaptations to kill.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">Phytochemicals kill plant pathogens, bacteria and fungi, as well as insects.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">Thus, the natural, plant extracts that humans use for flavor enhancers (herbs, spices, and teas), fragrances, recreational/medicinal mind and attitude modifiers (alkaloids, psychopharmaceuticals, etc.), herbal medicines, etc. are present in plants, first and foremost, as antibiotics and insecticides.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">Humans have evolved to taste (bitter) and smell phytochemicals to avoid their toxicity, and have adapted culturally to exploit the impact of phytochemicals on body and mind.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">In this seasonal post, I focus on the terpenoids in Frankincense and Myrrh, to explore how plant biochemistry contributed to the gifts of the Magi.</span><br />
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<b>It All Starts with Central Metabolism</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifG93g9cRHqwbuQjspi5KlPOL0nNdA6-S3Y5HMMyBlo5_3uKomQYugdt4wkQfCueqlvAkfIPdD25QsoxwfwsoR4wg7sIqOktYYKVkouEPCKWWkYD2WK5BkMo8ysLuSt-T1-tV_GXFJwLI/s1600/Mevalonate_pathway2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifG93g9cRHqwbuQjspi5KlPOL0nNdA6-S3Y5HMMyBlo5_3uKomQYugdt4wkQfCueqlvAkfIPdD25QsoxwfwsoR4wg7sIqOktYYKVkouEPCKWWkYD2WK5BkMo8ysLuSt-T1-tV_GXFJwLI/s1600/Mevalonate_pathway2.png" height="320" width="226" /></a>Phytochemicals are complicated plant chemicals that are produced by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions (Central Metabolism) from the array of chemicals used by plants to convert photosynthetic carbohydrates (fructose and glucose) into the molecules (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids) used to make the macromolecules of cells (polysaccharides, proteins, fats, DNA/RNA). Alkaloids and phenolics, e.g. phytoalexins, are made from amino acids (phenylalanine) and terpenoids are made from fatty acids (acetyl CoA/Mevalonate) or other intermediates in glycolysis. Thus, central metabolism that converts glucose/fructose into pyruvate and the acetyl CoA (see mevalonate pathway left) of mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism, is further converted into amino acids and plant secondary compounds, phytochemicals. I am going to talk mainly about terpenoids in Frankincense (triterpenoid Boswellic acids) and Myrrh, and many related molecules (steroids) also produced by humans. </div>
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The major thesis here is that carbon dioxide is converted by photosynthesis into either sugars used to build the cell wall polysaccharides (soluble fiber) or larger toxic defensive chemicals, e.g. phytoalexins, resins, essential oils or lignin. Phytoalexins, e.g. the natural antibiotic resveratrol in wine, are made from phenylalanine along the same biochemical pathway used to produce lignin. Glyphosate, the herbicide, kills by blocking this unique plant pathway. Essential oils and resins are another group of natural antibiotics produced by converting acetyl CoA into a five carbon unit, IPP, which is then linked into larger and larger (10, 15, 20 carbons) molecules, terpenoids, that can rearrange into multiple ring structures. Only the smallest chemicals in the series evaporate to provide identifiable smells, e.g. Frankincense and Myrrh, while larger forms, e.g. cholesterol or testosterone in animals, are odorless solids.</div>
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<b>Acetyl CoA to IPP</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">IPP</td></tr>
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For those who enjoy the beauty of biochemistry: The most abundant enzyme on earth is RibisCo (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase), the plant enzyme that combines carbon dioxide from air with a five-carbon phosphorylated sugar, ribulose bisphosphate, to produce two, three-carbon intermediates of glycolysis that can be converted into glucose or into acetyl CoA, the starting chemical for fatty acids, the mitochondrial TCA cycle, or via mevalonic acid to isopentanyl pyrophosphate (IPP), the building block for terpenoid synthesis.</div>
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In brief: Photosynthesis uses the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into sugars (glucose and fructose). Those sugars can be converted into a five-carbon, molecular building block for terpenoids, IPP. IPP molecules can then be linked together to make increasingly longer chains and those chains can be ultimately twisted into rings to make resins in plants and steroids in humans.</div>
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<b>Five, Ten, Fifteen, Thirty; IPP (5), GPP (10), Sesquiterpenoids (15), Triterpenoids (30)</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Terpenoid Polymerization</td></tr>
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Terpenoid synthesis begins with IPP, which has five carbons in a branched chain and has a pair of phosphates, pyrophosphate that provide the energy to form chains of 5, 10, 15, etc. In plants, molecules of each of the incremental lengths are produced together and additional enzymes in different species of plants result in mixtures of molecules with different rings and functional groups. The smaller molecules evaporate more readily, so that mixtures are extruded from damaged trees as oils and gradually form resins as the remaining larger molecules predominate and solidify.</div>
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<b>Shark Livers and the Horn of Africa</b></div>
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IPP with five carbons, an isoprene, is used to make GPP with ten, a monoterpene. Common monoterpenes are geranol and limonene that make the characteristic odors of geraniums and lemons. Sesquiterpenoids (15 carbons made from three IPPs) include the fragrance of patchouli. Diterpenes, such as sweet steviol, have twenty carbons, which can be chemically twisted into the chemicals that predominate in Myrrh resin, the Balm of Gileade. The triterpenes with 30 carbons can be rearranged with five rings to form steroids, such as cholesterol in animals or Frankincense. Linear squalene, is the major component in shark liver oil and provides the same function as a swim bladder in a boney fish.</div>
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<b>Essential Oils Are Mixtures of Distilled Terpenoid and Phenylpropanoid Phytoalexins</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boswellic Acid</td></tr>
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Phytoalexins and terpenoids have evolved as plant defenses against bacteria, fungi and insects, and they are toxic, because they interact aggressively with proteins through their chemical ring structures that are hydrophobic. These ring structures make the smaller versions volatile and soluble in organic solvents. Many of these chemicals have properties similar to petroleum products and may be used as solvents themselves, e.g. paint strippers or thinner. Steam distillation of plants produces mixtures of phytoalexins and terpenoids commonly called essential oils, which contain the volatile components “essential” for the odor identity of a plant.</div>
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<b>Statins Block Cholesterol Synthesis</b></div>
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Statins were identified among a group of fungal antibiotics for their ability to block an early enzyme (marked in the mevalonate pathway above) in the production of cholesterol. The toxic side effects of statins derive from wholesale disruption of all of the essential pathways (everything below the inhibited enzyme) that are related to cholesterol, such as blood heme A found in hemoglobin, and ubiquinone (CoQ) found in mitochondrial electron transport and needed to reduce oxidative stress and glucose intolerance. Thus, for these examples, statins would contribute to anemia and type II diabetes/metabolic syndrome. The side effects are not surprising, since statins are fungal antibiotics that target pathways common to bacteria and human mitochondria. It is also not surprising that statins have unpredictable impacts on gut flora and the immune system.</div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com43tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-89884409587369646832014-10-22T13:42:00.000-06:002014-10-23T13:29:27.171-06:00Fermented Vegetables Repair Gut Flora<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica;">
<i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">---the other 200 posts---</a></i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fermented Vegetables</span></i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> is your most valuable investment in health.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Kirsten and Christopher Shockey (<a href="http://www.fermentista.us/#home-section">The Fermentista's Kitchen</a>) have assembled a do-it-yourself guide that makes fermenting your own vegetables fast, simple, fool proof and delicious.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Importantly, their crock ferments provide a rich source of probiotics and prebiotics (soluble fiber) that can go a long way toward repairing the epidemic of damaged gut flora (microbiome) and inflammatory diseases. Yes, you can <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">cure autoimmune diseases and allergies</a>.</span></div>
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<b>Old Friends Become Fermentista</b></div>
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I have known the Shockeys, since we homeschooled our kids together, they started their homestead farm in Oregon and they began to ferment. I got interested in diet, inflammation and disease mediated by gut flora, and they got interested in growing food for their family and feeding their gut flora. I was trying to figure out how to repair gut flora and they were figuring out how to make gut flora food.</div>
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<b>Fermented Vegetables are a Source of Gut Flora</b></div>
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It took me a while to realize that my crock-crazed friends had provided the answer to my gut flora repair problem. It was a modern approach to a traditional answer. Fermentation is a natural solution to the problem of food spoilage. Crushing vegetables in just the right amount of salt provides the sugars needed for lactic acid fermentation and inhibits spoilage microbes. The lactic acid bacteria convert the sugars to lactic acid and the mild acid and salt stop other bacteria and fungi from growing. The result is tasty, crunchy vegetables with the pleasant sour and mouth feel of lactic acid. The removal of the vegetable sugars leaves the low-glycemic, complex polysaccharides, a.k.a. soluble fiber or prebiotics, that are the major food for gut flora.</div>
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<b>The Guide to Fermentation</b></div>
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I was so excited when the Shockeys were starting a fermented veggies business and began writing <i>Fermented Vegetables</i>. As my readers may have noticed, I tend toward the terse and scientifically esoteric. They just cut to the taste and tell you how to make your crocks work miracles. I struggle with the BIG picture and they just make the next meal delicious, so their kids (now adults) want more kraut and kimchi.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Fermented Vegetables</i> is Available Now (bottom)</span></b></div>
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<b>All of the Answers to Fermenting Vegetables</b></div>
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<i>Fermented Vegetables</i> is divided into four parts that simply, but thoroughly explain 1) what happens in a fermenting crock, 2) how krauts, brines and kimchi works, 3) how to make every kind of fermented veggie, and 4) how to cook with them. It is all in the book. Approachable. Safe. Delicious. For beginners, cooks, chefs, kraut connoisseurs. I have made a quick, tasty cabbage kraut starting with knife, salt and Ball jar in 15 minutes, plus three days of waiting in a cool, dark place. They tell you how to get great results with what is already in your kitchen, or how to use specialty water-seal crocks, onggi pots, tampers, followers, mandolines, etc., etc. From pint jars to multi-gallon crocks, the how-to is there. All of the details to slice, shred, salt, submerge, seal and sample are in the book, along with lots of food porn pictures to tempt you into making your first crockful of kraut or rhubarb infused with ginger and cardamom. Just to make you feel comfortable, they also have an appendix on scum, the yucky, but harmless, fungal mat that can form where air meets the brine.</div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">Health Diagrams II -- Curing Autoimmunity and Allergies</a></div>
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<b>The Cure for Damaged Gut Flora and Inflammatory Diseases</b></div>
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I have written hundreds of posts that link modern inflammatory diseases to diet and damaged gut flora. The immune system develops in the intestines in response to gut flora and without those bacteria and fungi, the regulatory function of the immune system is lost and disease begins. Autoimmune diseases and allergies are caused by damaged gut flora. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=repair+gut+flora">Repair of that damage will cure the diseases</a>, but repair requires adding back the missing bacteria. [Drugs to treat symptoms have antibiotic activity that further damage the gut flora.] Some of the missing bacteria are present in each batch of homemade fermented vegetables and eating krauts and kimchi can fix gut flora. Homemade is better than commercial, because batches made from the bacteria clinging to vegetables have more diverse bacteria than commercial krauts made with starter cultures of just a few species of bacteria. It should also be obvious that cooking, heating or canning fermented vegetables eliminates the desired, live fermenting bacteria.<br />
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com130tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-47363654004484863092014-10-05T18:11:00.000-06:002014-10-05T18:11:45.548-06:00Celiac, Gluten and Trypsin Inhibitor<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">---the other 200 posts---</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wheat</span></td></tr>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Summary</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Forget the gluten. Celiac is caused by trypsin inhibitors (ATI) that were increased in wheat fifty years ago to combat pests. Immune response to ATI spreads to include gluten and transglutaminase that perpetuates the disease. Celiac is an unexpected consequence of traditional plant breeding that could be fixed with GMO approaches.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Plants Protect Themselves with Antibiotics, Pesticides and Trypsin Inhibitors.</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Plants respond to pathogens and pests by making themselves toxic. Thus, plants produce natural antibiotics, <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/phytochemicals-natural-antibiotics-and.html">phytoalexins</a>, a.k.a. phytochemicals, polyphenolics or antioxidants, to kill bacteria and fungi. They also produce chemical pesticides and proteins, e.g. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=trypsin+inhibitor">trypsin inhibitor</a>, that block the digestion and utilization of plant proteins by insects. One of these trypsin inhibitors makes ground soybeans inedible until it is removed in water rinses during the production of <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=tofu">tofu</a>. Another of these trypsin inhibitors, in wheat, is the cause of celiac.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Plants Target the Nerves, Immune Cells and Intestines</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Plants have evolved chemicals and proteins that attack and punish plant-eating animals. A single molecule of caster bean toxin protein, for example, can kill a human cell. Plants produce some of the most toxic molecules on earth. The nervous system of insects and other herbivores is typically targeted by plants. Many recreational drugs, e.g. opioids, THC, nicotine, caffeine, etc., for example, are made by plants in self defense. Human nerves respond to these natural pesticides and the bitter taste and the vomit reflex help us to detect and avoid toxic phytochemicals. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=gluten">Gluten</a> proteins contain polyglutamine stretches of amino acids that resist digestion and bind to intestinal cells. Seed lectins bind to the glycoproteins on the surface of the intestines and inhibit digestion. Wheat seeds also contain an inhibitor of starch and protein digestion, the amylase/trypsin inhibitor, ATI. ATI binds to the receptors on immune cells that trigger general inflammatory responses to pathogens, e.g. TLR4. It is the ATI in wheat that starts an immune response to gluten and celiac.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wheat trypsin inhibitor causes celiac and autoimmunity</span></td></tr>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>ATI Increased to Make Wheat Resistant to Pests</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">More than fifty years ago, plant breeders began to screen wheat varieties for resistance to pests. Breeding ultimately resulted in enhanced pest resistance that resulted from increased production of ATI in wheat kernels. Modern wheat flour contains modest changes in gluten and other components over the last century with the singular exception of ATI, which has increased about 50 fold. It is also interesting that ATI is a major wheat allergen. This suggests that celiac starts as an allergy to ATI present in wheat flour.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Celiac Results from Superfine Milling of High-ATI Wheat</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Wheat has been milled more and more finely to improve the shelf-life of bread flour. The inedible bran and the germ are first removed from the wheat kernels and then the endosperm is ground so finely that the starch granules are broken. Even "whole wheat flour" is ground in the same way and the bran and germ are simply added back to make it “whole.” The important point here is that superfine milling results in starch that is readily digested by amylase in the small intestines, instead of acting as soluble fiber to feed gut flora. The result of eating bread from superfine flour is that gut flora are starved for soluble fiber and the immune system is depleted of Tregs that would otherwise suppress allergy and autoimmunity. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=gluten">Superfine milling</a> of high-ATI wheat presents ATI to an immune system that is primed for allergy.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>ATI is a Good Immunogen</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Allergy development requires 1) inflammation, 2) an appropriate immunogen and 3) lack of Tregs (immune system cells that develop in the lining of the intestines and block allergies and autoimmunity.) The modern milling of wheat flour eliminates a major source of soluble fiber, starves gut flora and reduces Tregs, but allergy development still requires inflammation and an appropriate immunogen. An immunogen is a protein that will interact with cells of the immune system to produce antibodies and activate aggressive attacks. I have found that all proteins of food or the environment, i.e. allergens, or of the body, i.e. autoantigens, that act as immunogens to initiate allergies or autoimmunity have the same sequence of three amino acids, a "<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=basic+triplet">basic triplet</a>." ATI has a characteristic basic triplet in its protein amino acid sequence and that is why it is a good immunogen to initiate allergies.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Allergy to ATI is Aggrevated by TLR Recognition of ATI</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">ATI enriched, superfine flour Is a powerful initiator of allergies, because it starves gut flora to block Treg production and is a good immunogen, but the immune system will still ignore ATI in the gut, unless inflammation is also activated. Unfortunately, ATI actively stimulates inflammation of the intestines by specifically binding to TLR4, which is the receptor that also binds/recognizes the LPS of bacteria. Thus, ATI is a way for the wheat plant to defend its seeds by triggering excessive Intestinal inflammation. Inflammation, immunogen and Treg insufficiency is the ATI allergy trifecta.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Wheat ATI Allergy Leads to Celiac</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">First exposure to ATI and development of an allergy will make subsequent expose to wheat proteins more immunologically intense. I discussed the response of the intestinal lining to gluten in previous posts. Wheat gluten proteins are adapted to provide nutrients for growing wheat embryos and to provide defense against pathogens and herbivores. Gluten proteins contain long stretches of amino acid glutamine, which is poorly digested by gut enzymes. The glutamine is also converted into glutamate by the gut enzyme, transglutaminase, tTG. Unfortunately, during the process, the enzyme is covalently connected to the undigested gluten fragments. The allergic ATI reaction combined with gluten/tTG conjugates, leads to presentation of the gluten/tTG to the immune system and antibody production agains both gluten and tTG. Subsequent exposure to gluten results in the autoimmune disease of celiac.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Celiac is Self-Perpetuating</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The aggressive immune attack on the intestines in response to eating gluten-containing grains, is bad in itself, but it also causes a series of related autoimmune diseases. Attack on the intestines also disrupts the development of the lining of the intestines, which in turn disrupts the community of bacteria and fungi, gut flora, that are essential for digestion of plant polysaccharides, soluble fiber, and the development of the immune system. Gut flora dysfunction results in vitamin deficiencies, <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=food+intolerance">food intolerances</a> and autoimmunity. Thus, celiac is self-perpetuating, because it causes inflammation, immunogen presentation and Treg deficiency.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Celiac Causes Numerous Autoimmune Diseases</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Celiac is often associated with other autoimmune diseases, because it causes them. Antibodies to tTG are diagnostic for celiac and the autoimmune attack on the intestines is mediated by anti-tTG antibodies. But anti-tTG antibodies of celiac don’t just attack the intestines, they attack any other tissues that have tTG, such as the thyroid gland and hair follicles. Thus, it should not be a surprise that celiacs are at high risk for autoimmune disease, e.g. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, of the thyroid gland, including both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid diseases, depending on which region of the thyroid is attacked. Some forms of hair loss, alopecia, are also initiated by autoimmune attack on the tTG in hair follicles. Persistent exposure of celiacs to gluten will result in a cascade of autoimmune diseases as other body antigens are presented to the immune system and tissues with those antigens are targeted and attacked to produce arthritis, vitiligo, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Pest Resistance, Plant Breeding and GMO Solutions</b></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Genetic modification of plants occurs every time seeds are planted. Traditional plant breeding by selecting desirable individual plants grown from crosses of selected parents is one form of genetic modification. Specifically introducing desired genes using recombinant DNA techniques is another, more controlled method. Traditional plant breeding has systematically destroyed the diversity of crop plants by loss of genes that are not selected, but even the traits, such as pest resistance, that provide benefit, have also brought unintended consequences. We now have grains with many desirable features of high yield and disease resistance, but they also provide increased risk of celiac, gluten intolerance and associated autoimmune diseases. Maybe it is time to consider GM techniques as a safer alternative to fix modern wheat and to examine milling approache</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s to save our gut flora.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 25.48000144958496px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">Health Diagrams II — Curing Autoimmunity and Allergies</a></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cure for Celiac and Autoimmunity</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Celiac and other autoimmune diseases are perpetuated by the presen</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">ce of the corresponding autoantigen/allergen, in this case tTG and gluten proteins, </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">and</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;"> a deficiency of Tregs. Oddly enough, some pathogens (<i><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Helicobacter">Helicobacter</a> pylori</i>) and parasites (<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Helminth">Helminth</a> worms) stimulate Treg development in the lining of the intestines, in addition to normal gut flora, <i><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Clostridium">Clostridium</a> spp</i>. It may be the relative absence of pathogens and parasites in affluent societies that reduces Tregs and enhances the incidence of allergies and autoimmunity. Antibiotics and the antibiotic activity of pharmaceuticals in general may also contribute to Treg deficiencies by damage to gut flora. Clearly, the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=gut+flora+repair">repair of gut flora</a> and reestablishment of the associated immune system will go a long way toward curing autoimmune diseases such as celiac. Celiac, however, provides the added complexity that it damages the ability of the intestines to maintain a functional gut flora. Thus, the cure for celiac would require simultaneous repair of both the gut and its flora, e.g. by a <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=fecal+transplant+">fecal transplant </a>and supportive diet containing numerous <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=soluble+fiber">soluble fibers</a> to which the donor flora have been previously adapted, i.e. lacking antigenic triggers.</span>Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com50tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-5286105047559245302014-09-11T17:50:00.000-06:002015-01-29T17:27:42.568-07:00Peanut Allergy Cause and Cure<div style="font-family: Arial;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- the other 200 posts---</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Summary: The cure for peanut allergy should follow naturally from knowledge of the cause. Since most allergies and autoimmune diseases result from the combination of 1) inflammation, 2) breakdown of immunological tolerance and 3) presentation of a primary immunogen, it follows that some types of peanut allergy are based on a continued problem with immune tolerance and fixing that defect should eliminate an allergic response to peanuts. The current cure to resurrect immune tolerance is by enhancing regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the gut using <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=resistant+starch">resistant starch to improve the growth of <i>Clostridia</i> in the gut</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Peanut allergies are dangerous and this post does not advocate any medical treatments, but rather attempts to explain the cause and cures of allergies.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Just Treat the Immunological Tolerance Problem Instead of Mast Cells</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Most people in fear of anaphylaxis from peanut dust, just try desperately to avoid peanuts in any guise. That avoids the problem, but why not cure the allergy? <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/health-28887088">Recent research</a> shows that peanut allergens can be prevented from establishing an allergic response in mice by addition of <i>Clostridium</i> species of bacteria in the gut flora. It was shown that the <i>Clostridia</i> increased Tregs (regulatory T cells responsible for immune tolerance) in the lining of the intestines via interleukin 22 production. So the cure to some peanut allergies may be increasing Tregs and fixing tolerance.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>I Said It All Before</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">It is not a large step to combine my previous posts covering potato <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=resistant+starch">resistant starch</a> for treatment of deficiencies of immunological tolerance with my explanation of the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">cause of allergies and autoimmunity</a> to provide a simple explanation of the cause and cure for some peanut allergies.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Peanut Allergen is a Typical Bean Storage Protein Except for the Basic Triplet</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">It is not difficult to find out why peanuts are allergenic. I just went to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/?term=peanut+allergen">NCBI</a>) web site and queried the protein sequence databases for “peanut allergen.” Here is the complete amino acid sequence (each of the 20 amino acids of the protein is assigned a letter) of the major peanut [Arachis hypogaea] allergen:</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">MMVKLSILVALLGALLVVASATRWDPDRGSRGSRWDAPSRGDDQCQRQLQRANLRPCEEHM</span><span style="color: #ae1916; letter-spacing: 0.0px;">RRR</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">VEQEQEQEQDEYPYSRRGSRGRQPGESDENQEQRCCNELNRFQNNQRCMCQALQQILQNQSFWVPAGQEPVASDGEGAQELAPELRVQVTKPLRPL</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=basic+triplet">triplet of basic amino acids</a> (R=arginine, K=lysine), RRR in this case, which is found in all allergens and autoantigens, is highlighted in red. If you eat peanuts with an inflamed gut and you have wiped out your Clostridia and associated Tegs with antibiotics, you have a good chance of developing autoimmunity, as well as a peanut allergy. The cause of allergies is that simple and the cure is equally simple.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Shellfish Allergy Shows the Relationship between Allergy and Autoimmunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I ran across a list of other food allergens when I was checking up on peanuts. Shellfish was listed as another of the big allergies. I looked up “shellfish allergen” and ran into thousands of entries. The first couple of dozen proteins lacked the characteristic basic triplet, so I had to step back and try to guess the most typical shellfish for first exposure, i.e. the primary immunogen. All of the other shellfish allergens were various versions of the muscle protein, tropomyosin, so I looked up “shrimp allergen.”</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">MDAI</span><span style="color: #ae1916; letter-spacing: 0.0px;">KKK</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">MQAMKLEKDNAMDRADTLEQQNKEANNRAEKSEEEVHNLQKRMQQLENDLDQVQESLLKANIQLVEKDKALSNAEGEVAALNRRIQLLEEDLERSEERLNTATTKLAEASQAADESERMRKVLENRSLSDEERMDALENQLKEARFLAEEADRKYDEVARKLAMVEADLERAEERAETGESKIVELEEELRVVGNNLKSLEVSEEKANQREEAYKEQIKTLTNKLKAAEARAEFAERSVQKLQKEVDRLEDELVNEKEKYKSITDELDQTFSELSGY</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Note the predicted basic triplet in red. Since I was on a roll, I also checked out related tropomyosin sequences in humans:</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">MDAI</span><span style="color: #ae1916; letter-spacing: 0.0px;">KKK</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">MQMLKLDKENALDRAEQAEADKKAAEDRSKQLEDELVSLQKKLKGTEDELDKYSEALKDAQEKLELAEKKATDAEADVASLNRRIQLVEEELDRAQERLATALQKLEEAEKAADESERGMKVIESRAQKDEEKMEIQEIQLKEAKHIAEDADRKYEEVARKLVIIESDLERAEERAELSEGKCAELEEELKTVTNNLKSLEAQAEKYSQKEDRYEEEIKVLSDKLKEAETRAEFAERSVTKLEKSIDDLEDELYAQKLKYKAISEELDHALNDMTSM</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Once again the basic triplet indicated that there was a related human tropomyosin that could interact with antibodies to the shellfish allergen or could be an autoantigen participating in autoimmune diseases. So I checked PubMed for “tropomyosin autoantigen” and quickly found that antibodies to tropomyosin are important in ulcerative colitis (UC). Thus, shellfish allergy may be an indication of an underlying predisposition to UC. And, the traditional cure for allergy by injection with small amounts of the allergen to convert from IgE to IgG, would convert a shellfish allergy into UC.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Avoiding Allergens Makes No More Sense Than Trying to Avoid Autoantigens</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">To fix allergies, it is necessary to eliminate the cause and block perpetuation of the condition. The cause is based on 1)inflammation, 2) broken immune tolerance and 3) primary immunogen. Peanuts are the primary immunogen, but that is unimportant if the causing conditions are eliminated and tolerance is reestablished. Clearly, if immunological tolerance is reestablished, then it's just a matter of time before peanuts are no longer a problem, because increasing Tregs will silence the dramatic immunological response to peanuts. Tolerance is based on Tregs and Tregs develop in the intestines in response to <i>Clostridia</i> feeding on soluble fiber/resistant starch.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Curing Peanut Allergies is Based on Repairing Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">There are a couple of hundred different species in the pounds of bacteria in the healthy human gut. Most of those bacteria require soluble fiber that is systematically removed during food processing. For most people, the cure for peanut allergies will be resistant starch/Clostridium therapy, followed by further repair with fermented foods that provide the typical lactic acid bacteria and soluble fiber along with companion bacteria that can recolonize the gut. The cure for many allergies and autoimmune diseases is just to eat a couple of tablespoons of resistant starch each day and if needed, supplement with probiotics containing <i>Clostridium butyricum. </i>If there is severe dysbiosis, as indicated by constipation, then fixing the gut flora is a little more difficult, but for most people cures are much cheaper and effective than just treating symptoms.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">A guide for the use of resistant starch is provided by Richard Nikoley, et al. at <a href="http://freetheanimal.com/2013/12/resistant-primer-newbies.html">Free the Animal</a>.</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com55tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-62647783326162433062014-07-25T15:17:00.000-06:002014-07-25T15:21:14.665-06:00Dr. Oz Five Food Felons<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">---the other 200 posts---</a></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Biofilms on intestine microvilli</td></tr>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The medical industry is slowly pulling away from diet advice that has contributed significantly to disease in America. It promoted or at least tolerated, the shift from butter to margarine and polyunsaturated vegetable oils, and from saturated fats </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">in meats to starches and grains. The medical emissary, Dr. Oz, still supports medical advice that is not based on medical research.</span></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Dr. Oz's Five Food Felons and Why His Choices Are </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Unhealthy</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">:</span></b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">"<b>1) Trans fats</b> raise lousy LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, lower your healthy HDL cholesterol level and fuel disease-triggering inflammation." <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Trans+fats">Trans fats</a> are inflammatory and should not be eaten. New labeling has permitted substantial amounts of trans fats to be added to processed foods and still be labelled "No trans fats." LDL blood levels reflect inflammation, but artificially lowering the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=LDL+with+statins">LDL with statins</a> has no impact on heart disease. Lowering LDL, by lowering inflammation with fish oil and/or repair of gut flora, diet and exercise is effective.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">"<b>2)</b> <b>Saturated fat</b> in red meats, poultry skin, full-fat dairy products and palm and coconut oils fuels cancer risk, coronary artery disease, dementia, obesity and diabetes." Linking <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=saturated+fats">saturated fats</a> with heart disease, etc. was never supported by medical research. Elimination of red meat, removing skin from chicken, avoiding egg yolks, etc. and replacing them with <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=omega-6+vegetable+oils">omega-6 polyunsatured vegetable oils</a> has been a major contributor to inflammation and disease. Full fat milk is the healthful choice, especially for children. The change was dangerous and is being reversed with new emphasis placed on omega-3 fish oils.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">"<b>3)</b> <b>Added sugars</b> and <b>4) sugar syrups</b> cause the proteins in your body to be less functional and age your immune and cardiovascular systems and your joints. Plus, they disrupt your metabolism and contribute to almost every lifestyle-related malady, including some cancers." Oz got this right even though they initially promoted high fructose corn syrup (half glucose/oligos) and its evil and even higher fructose sister <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=agave+nectar">agave nectar</a> (all fructose/oligos.) Equally bad, however, are the hyperglycemic starch in breads (including whole grain!) and over cooked pasta.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">"<b>5)</b> <b>Refined and processed grains </b>don't contain the fiber or nutrients (contained in 100 percent whole grains) that you need to keep the bacteria in your guts happy, glucose levels regulated, immune system strong and digestion running smoothly." Dr. Oz and company fail to understand the basics of <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=vitamins">vitamins</a>, <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=soluble+fiber+and+gut+flora">soluble fiber and gut flora</a>. Grains are not healthy for most people, because of the toxicity of gluten and hyperglycemic starch. Ultra fine milling and fast commercial bread making eliminate the resistant starch. "Whole grain" processed foods just add back the insoluble fiber that is considered toxic, because of its <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=phytate">phytic acid</a> content. Grains should just be replaced with whole foods, such as vegetables that contain the soluble fiber that feeds the gut flora that provide all of the needed vitamins and are required for immune system development.</span></div>
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<b>Why Does Dr. Oz Make Health Mistakes?</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Dr. Oz has been criticized for promoting foods, supplements, medical treatments, etc. that are not supported by medical research. While that is true, I think that he is just following the general views of the medical industry and simply doesn't know any better. Sadly, most doctors don't have the background to read scientific research papers, let alone their own biomedical literature that is rife with scandals of nonreproducibility and inappropriate industry influence. Doctors find it hard to give valid dietary advice, because nutritionists have false information and celebrity doctors, and their research teams, don't do their homework. The result is the mix of ancient orthodoxy, industry promotion, alternative medicine and unscientific fads that appears in the media. Doctors need a scientific background sufficient to answer the essential question posed to health claims, "Does it make sense?"</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com50tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-58825858246193156152014-07-18T22:01:00.000-06:002014-07-22T14:15:36.980-06:00Bacteria Migrating to Breast May Cause Cancer<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">—-The other 200 posts—-</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The readers of this blog are probably aware of my interest in the causes and related cures of diseases. Juxtaposition of recent research findings has made me reconsider the role of bacteria in breast cancer.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>The Findings</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Lactation/breastfeeding lowers risk of breast cancer (improves path of normal mammary duct micro biome from nipple.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Tubal ligation lowers risk of ovarian cancer (eliminates path for bacteria from vagina.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Aspirin reduces pancreatic cancer (by reducing inflammation involved in the transition from bacterial infection to cancer.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Pancreatic and breast cancer risks are both dramatically increased by BRCA (tumor suppressor genes involved in 5% of breast cancer.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Bacteria are transported from gut to blood to breast to milk to infants. (Google entero-mammary bacterial circulation involving intestinal M cells and dendrocytes.)</span></li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Bacteria Have Access to Organs with Common Cancers</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Serum or fluid flows from organs outward; liver to gall bladder to intestines, pancreas to intestines, prostate to urethra, ovary to fallopian tube to uterus to vagina. In each case there is also an related infection and inflammation associated with the backward path to the organ. Urinary tract infections can lead to prostatitis. Vaginitis can lead to pelvic inflammation, gastritis to stomach cancer, and intestinal infection/inflammation can result in pancreatitis. The theme seems to be that bacterial infections can cause inflammation that leads to cancer.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Bacterial Path to the Breast</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Lactating women occasionally have bacteria that migrate back up milk ducts to cause mastitis, but this is not quite parallel to my other examples of bacterial movement, because women are not continually producing milk. There is, however, another path of bacteria to mammary tissue. Prior to birth, bacteria move from the maternal gut, through the blood (presumably in lymphocytes) and into mammary tissue. Subsequent nursing transports the bacteria to the infant to initiate the milk controlled gut flora unique to exclusively <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=breastfed">breastfed infants.</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Monthly Transport of Bacteria to Breast</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The menstrual cycle is an abbreviated ovulation, conception, gestation and birth, which suggests that just as in the normal prelude to lactation, there may also be monthly transport of gut bacteria to mammary tissue. These bacteria may also cause infection and inflammation, though they may not be sufficient to cause more than transient breast tenderness.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Healthy Gut Flora Means Healthy Breasts</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I expect that many diseases in infants may be associated with the wrong bacteria being transported from maternal gut to breast to infant. Clearly, if the mother suffers from dysbiosis, which is very common, it may be difficult for the correct Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria to be transported to mammary tissue. Transport of other bacteria may cause problems. Those problems may be severe as a consequence of menstrual cycles that don’t end in pregnancy, but rather end in infection, inflammation and breast cancer. It may all come down to gut flora. The difference between women who develop breast cancer and those that remain healthy may be the health of their gut flora. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=breastfed">Breastfeeding</a>, of course, reduces the risk of breast cancer, as well as improving infant gut flora. Formula is always a risk factor for infant health, because it attacks normal infant gut flora and promotes inflammation. Since many breast cancers naturally resolve, it may also be the case that a healthy immune system can reverse breast cancer and the health of the immune system is determined by the gut flora.</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com32tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-36724475143365438362014-07-15T12:19:00.001-06:002015-02-02T01:47:45.330-07:00Gut Flora, Disease and Obesity <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphen-LUXvLq77243SUpjPQgkETASPwbQyLOezidfxGhL4ow_zKCVGctju69DzE1DrLPu96KVDmVuinDTpiSYRu2CIgBdlC6WresHbkBB-cmxdPyEkcl5ljia3u_iKbQ_Otf9bmgszUpUr4/s1600/Dysbiosis+and+Disease.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphen-LUXvLq77243SUpjPQgkETASPwbQyLOezidfxGhL4ow_zKCVGctju69DzE1DrLPu96KVDmVuinDTpiSYRu2CIgBdlC6WresHbkBB-cmxdPyEkcl5ljia3u_iKbQ_Otf9bmgszUpUr4/s1600/Dysbiosis+and+Disease.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphen-LUXvLq77243SUpjPQgkETASPwbQyLOezidfxGhL4ow_zKCVGctju69DzE1DrLPu96KVDmVuinDTpiSYRu2CIgBdlC6WresHbkBB-cmxdPyEkcl5ljia3u_iKbQ_Otf9bmgszUpUr4/s1600/Dysbiosis+and+Disease.jpg" height="400" width="383" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">---the other 200 posts---</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The health of your gut flora (the interacting trillions of bacteria of a couple of hundred different species that make up the pound of bacteria that you carry primarily in your large intestines) is more important than your genetics to your overall health.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Thus, your health is a result of diet, gut flora adapted to your diet and exercise.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Everything else, your genetic risks, environmental toxins, etc. are of only minor impact.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I am trying to paint the big picture of how the food that you eat and your gut flora interact to determine your health, by which I mean whether you get sick, become obese and/or bloat with gas.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Health Depends on Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">If you are healthy, you have a couple of hundred different species of bacteria that help you to digest the protein, fats and carbs that you eat in meat and vegetables. Your body easily digests protein and fats in meat, fish, eggs and dairy, because enzymes to digest them are present in your stomach and small intestines. The only carbs that your body can digest are some simple sugars and starch. The rest of the polysaccharides present in plants cannot be digested without the help of bacteria. The polysaccharides that your gut flora can digest are fermentable, <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=soluble+fiber">soluble fiber</a>, e.g. resistant starch, pectin, inulin, arabinogalactan, xylans, beta-glucan, etc. If you can’t digest soluble fiber, because you have damaged gut flora, dysbiosis, and are missing essential bacterial species normally found in a healthy gut, then the soluble fiber just passes through as insoluble fiber and readily dehydrates into hard, constipated stools. Partial digestion due to just a few missing bacterial species produces the symptoms of food intolerances. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Constipation Results from Dysbiosis</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The bottom line is that the volume of healthy, soft, firm stools is made up of gut flora that digested dietary soluble fiber and converted it into more bacteria. If you eat more soluble fiber, this food for your gut flora, will produce proportionately more bowel movements.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Flora Guide Immune System Development</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Most of cells of your immune system are in the lining of your gut and there are particular species of gut bacteria directly involved in the development of immune cells that have different functions as they spread throughout your body. Some of these cells are aggressive and attack pathogens, while others make sure that the aggression doesn’t get out of control and cause <a href="http://autoimmune diseases or allergies">autoimmune diseases or allergies</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Flora Divided into Groups to Show Involvement in Disease</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Recent studies have demonstrated the role of gut bacteria in producing nutrients, vitamins and neurotransmitters. To highlight the essential role of gut flora in disease, I have divided the hundreds of species of gut bacteria into groups to illustrate their direct involvement in development of the immune system and regulation of the flow of dietary nutrients involved in obesity. A recent study shows that an infection can produce a change in gut flora associated with marshaling additional fatty acid nutrients for the host instead of just producing more gut flora. Chronic change of gut flora in this way leads to obesity. Other types of dysbiosis contribute to infections, cancer, autoimmune disease, allergies, food intolerances, gas and bloating.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Group A Bacteria Provide Aggressive Immunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">There are several dozen species of bacteria in healthy gut flora, including the filamentous bacteria, that trigger the development of the aggressive part of your immune system that attacks pathogens, and kills cells of your body that are infected with viruses or are cancerous. Most antibiotics don’t permanently damage this group of bacteria, so after a course of antibiotics you can usually still stop infections. Excessive suppression of aggressive immunity contributes to cancer.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Group B Bacteria Provide Suppressive Immunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">There are dozens of other species of bacteria, including <i>Clostridia</i>, that control the development of the suppressive half of your immune system that produces immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Tregs">Tregs</a>, that stop the aggressive cells of your immune system from attacking your own cells and innocuous things such as food and pollen. Many common antibiotics damage these species of bacteria and are thought to contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases and allergies. Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by a simplified gut flora with only half the healthy number of bacterial species. Resistant starch preferentially feeds these bacteria to enhance suppressive immunity and in some individuals cure autoimmune disease.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Group C Bacteria Convert Soluble Fiber to Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA)</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The fermentable soluble fiber in your diet is typically from vegetables and it is converted by the largest and most diverse group of bacterial species into short chain fatty acids. Each different plant polysaccharide, and there are hundreds, requires many enzymes for complete digestion to the simple molecules used by the bacteria to make its own proteins, fats and polysaccharides. Absence of bacteria that are specialized for the digestion of particular polysaccharides or other dietary components can disrupt gut flora and cause digestive disturbances that are experienced as food intolerances (also confused with food allergies that are rare.) Some of the bacterial species convert polysaccharides into butyric acid and other short chain fatty acids that are the major source of energy for cells that form the lining of the intestines. These SCFAs are also a major food source for other gut bacteria.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Group D Bacteria Convert SCFAs to Fecal Bacteria to Produce Bulk of Bowel Movements</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">In healthy people, the SCFAs produced by gut flora feed the intestines and the remainder produced in the large bowel is converted into more gut bacteria, which forms soft stools. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Antibiotic">Antibiotics</a> typically damage these bacteria and result in <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=constipation">constipation</a>. These bacteria are typically more sensitive to antibiotics than those that digest the soluble fiber and produce SCFAs, so the excess SCFAs pass into the blood stream and contribute to obesity instead of stools. Lean mice with gut flora exchanged from obese mice, become obese. Cattle are fed antibiotics to enhance the conversion of corn polysaccharides into SCFAs and body fat prior to slaughter.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Group E Bacteria convert Soluble Fiber to Methane and Hydrogen, Bloat</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Increased volume of the intestines, bloating, results from conversion of soluble fiber into methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases. Some of this gas is absorbed into the blood and can pass from the large intestines, through the blood, and back to the stomach and small intestines. <i><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Helicobacter">Helicobacter</a> pylori</i>, the cause of stomach ulcers and gastric cancer, can utilize hydrogen from the blood as an energy source.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>In Summary:</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">A+B+C+D = healthy, normal weight</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A+C+D = normal weight, autoimmunity and allergies</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">B+C+D = normal weight, susceptibility to cancer, chronic Lyme disease, food poisoning</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A+B = normal weight, constipated</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A+B+C = obese, constipated</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A+B+D = normal weight, food intolerances</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A+B+C+E = obese, constipated, bloated</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Cure for Dysbiosis and Associated Diseases is Repair of Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The excitement about the use of <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=resistant+starch">resistant starch </a>(RS) and probiotics with <i>Clostridia</i> and other soil bacteria to reverse the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is based on the ability to repair gut flora damaged by poor nutrition and antibiotics. Low carbohydrate diets that do not provide soluble fiber to feed gut flora lead to dysbiosis and chronic diseases. Resistant starch, as the name suggests, passes on to the colon by avoiding digestion with amylases in the small intestines and acts as a soluble fiber to feed gut flora in the colon. <i>Clostridia</i> convert the RS to sugars and SCFAs usable by other gut flora. Note that some species of <i>Clostridia</i> produce toxins and it is these pathogens that take over in hospitals after the healthy species are killed off with antibiotics. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=fecal+transplant">Fecal transplants</a> are the best treatment for these hospital acquired infections. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> I have discussed the role of hygiene, muddy veggies, fermented foods, etc. in several other posts on <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=gut+flora+repair">repair of gut flora</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Complete repair of gut dysbiosis is possible, but it requires more than just changes in diet and dairy probiotics, as typically recommended erroneously by the medical industr<span style="font-size: 11px;">y.</span></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Health is dependent on:</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">an <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/09/anti-inflammatory-diet.html">Anti-Inflammatory Diet</a>,</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><u><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">gut flora adapted to your diet</span></u></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">exercise and</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">adequate sleep</span></li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The rest (genetics, vegan vs. paleo, environmental toxins, organic veggies, GMOs, etc.) are minor contributors, less than 10% in aggregate, to overall health.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ArialNarrow;"><a href="http://wageningenacademic.metapress.com/content/ewq1620085607927/fulltext.pdf">Gut microbiota composition correlates with changes in body fat content due to weightloss </a></span><br />
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com43tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-43519043046560433222014-07-04T13:59:00.001-06:002014-07-04T14:05:42.667-06:00Can Apple’s HealthKit Avoid Health-Exploitation? <div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">---All 200 posts here---</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitt7R4tYIGyMeghRPW7PdL7quBX-NnNKgbLleWlwzBmiqMILLmWRrQydtfVZo4Yd9TQiElihIIjy10-O295bzbpTh-mOH0dNc28pFR_oLNMdOYkZriLqECM90amibpEejyEfv8BHgiBT8/s1600/health_icon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitt7R4tYIGyMeghRPW7PdL7quBX-NnNKgbLleWlwzBmiqMILLmWRrQydtfVZo4Yd9TQiElihIIjy10-O295bzbpTh-mOH0dNc28pFR_oLNMdOYkZriLqECM90amibpEejyEfv8BHgiBT8/s1600/health_icon.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">More healthcare begets more health costs and less health. Tests detect symptoms that trigger treatment, but more often than not fail to contribute to health. Apple’s newly announced <a href="http://www.apple.com/ios/ios8/health/">HealthKit</a> promises to facilitate increased surveillance of personal health statistics and to integrate the data with the health industry. If recent history is a guide, more data will simply mean more inappropriate interventions, greater expense and further deterioration of public health. More public interaction and scrutiny is needed to keep the public safe from the health industry and to hold doctors to their pledge to do no harm.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Breast, Prostate and Pelvic Exams Lead to Costly, Harmful, Unnecessary Interventions</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">In the last two years, major studies have found that frequent breast exams, prostate tests and pelvic exams cause more harm than good. The surgery, followup procedures and treatments that the screening tests trigger are worse than the cancers that went unnoticed under more relaxed scrutiny. The bottom line is that the information gathered from screening was not sufficient to produce appropriate, measured treatment. Patients were harmed without benefit and the health industry was compromised by increased profits from inappropriate tests and treatments. Doctors routinely convinced themselves of the value of routine exams that they performed to yield excessive false positives that resulted in unnecessary biopsies or disfiguring surgery. Those flawed exams, tests and procedures also contributed substantially to the profitability of their practices. Patients may have inadvertently been harmed, but the doctors knew that they benefited.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>The Health Industry Pursues Profitable Tests and Treatment, not Causes and Cures</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I was astounded a few years ago to read an article in the biomedical literature by a researcher who bemoaned the lack of interest in understanding the causes of diseases and the pursuit of cures. Public and private funds were only spent on patent-protected tests and treatments. I watched as the development and testing of fecal transplants demonstrated a safe and effective treatment for numerous diseases, and yet this approach was tracked down and caged by the health industry. I think broad use of this approach could save billions of health dollars, but there is no patent protection and minimal profit, so the approach was stiffled. The efficacy of fecal transplants also points directly at damaged gut flora (and antibiotics) as the cause of many diseases. Where is the public forum to discuss the use of public funds to promote approaches that are safe, effective, cheap, but without potential for proprietary exploitation? What will happen to simple cures, such as <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=resistant+starch">resistant starch and probiotics with <i>Clostridium butyricum</i></a>?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Is HealthKit Personal Data for Personal or Corporate Gain?</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Will there be mechanisms for individuals to contribute their HealthKit data to large scale public health experiments to determine simple lifestyle, dietary and exercise approaches that can replace expensive and destructive pharmaceutical-based health industry approaches? HealthKit provides the potential to wrest health from the health industry. We will see if there is an app for that.</span></div>
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-54642794250335370052014-06-25T13:01:00.000-06:002014-06-25T13:07:18.491-06:00Antibiotic Resistance, Superbugs and Drugs<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- All 200 posts here ---</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamExudMH2Trv5LbzEVzh4dPECmPA8D1SZHMYG0zL60SHWsTmj74CgNdyUKLpMefR7Qpmlmu6EUlve-sMaQ0FgIXRqFgRwwCW9iWvylkjKIwoCVzNZ0nceGTFgqJe9qrdKPzyboEGaKpg/s1600/Metformin_500mg_Tablets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamExudMH2Trv5LbzEVzh4dPECmPA8D1SZHMYG0zL60SHWsTmj74CgNdyUKLpMefR7Qpmlmu6EUlve-sMaQ0FgIXRqFgRwwCW9iWvylkjKIwoCVzNZ0nceGTFgqJe9qrdKPzyboEGaKpg/s1600/Metformin_500mg_Tablets.jpg" height="176" width="200" /></a><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Antibiotic resistance results, because spontaneous mutations occur so frequently that all bacteria are different.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">It is just a matter of exposing enough bacteria to an antibiotic to find one that is insensitive to a particular antibiotic. More bacteria mean a greater chance of mutations to antibiotic resistance. The gut contains a lot of bacteria and sewage treatment plants are loaded with gut flora.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=health+diagram"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Health in Diagrams</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Antibiotics are Ubiquitous</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">All organisms, plants, fungi and animals/humans produce chemicals that kill bacteria, i.e. antibiotics. I have written many articles about the natural antibiotics of plants, a.k.a. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=phytoalexin">phytoalexins</a> or “antioxidant” polyphenolics, and the human <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=antimicrobial+peptide">defensins</a> that are peptides with heparin binding domains. Bacteria also produce viruses, called bacteriophages, that kill other bacteria. All of these natural antibiotics are small molecules that interact with many different human proteins, and it is these side effects that permit their exploitation as pharmaceuticals. Thus, statins were selected from fungal antibiotics that inhibited an enzyme needed for human synthesis of cholesterol, metformin was a phytoalexin found to reduce blood sugar and resveratrol is a grape phytoalexin.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Plant Antibiotics are Natural</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The flavoring chemicals in herbs and spices have a far more important use in food preparation than titillation of taste buds, since those chemicals kill common food pathogens. More profoundly, it is important to realize that the selective advantage of phytochemicals/polyphenols/alkaloids/essential oils to the plants that make them, is as natural antibiotics. Plants kill bacteria, as well as fungi and insects, for a living.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Plant Chemicals Attack all Aspects of Bacteria</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Most of the thousand genes that are present in a bacterium code for proteins/enzymes and most antibiotics target those enzymes. Penicillin binds to an enzyme needed to make bacterial cell walls, streptomycin target protein synthesis, rifampicin blocks RNA synthesis, actinomycin D inhibits DNA synthesis, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Mutation to Antibiotic Resistance is Automatic in Bacteria</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Each time a cell replicates, mistakes are made and the new DNA molecule of each chromosome is slightly different than the original. There are about a thousand genes on the single chromosome of a bacterium and about the same number on each of the 23 human chromosomes. About a dozen mistakes, mutations, are made each time bacteria replicate. The mutations that alter the gene target of an antibiotic and produce a bacterial enzyme that is unaffected by the antibiotic, yield an antibiotic resistant bacterium. The mutant gene now codes for antibiotic resistance and the presence of several resistance genes in the same bacterium produces multiple antibiotic resistant "superbugs."</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Mutations are Random, but Antibiotics Select for Resistance</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Each cellular replication produces random mutations throughout the bacterial DNA, but of the billion sites along the DNA that can mutate, only a few will produce a modified enzyme that will no longer interact with a particular antibiotic and thus be resistant. Antibiotic resistance mutants are rare, less than one in a million, but a million bacteria can grow from a single cell in a day and occupy a volume less than a crystal of salt. Ten hours later, after ten more doublings of the million bacteria, there will be a billion, and there will be a good chance that among those will be a mutant that is resistant to a particular antibiotic. In the pound of bacteria in the human gut, there are mutants that are resistant to most antibiotics, including the antibiotics that have not yet been developed. Of course, most of those antibiotic resistant bacteria are just flushed down the toilet. Treatment with antibiotics kills all of the sensitive bacteria and leaves only the resistant. Thus, antibiotic treatments select for antibiotic resistant bacteria.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Common Use of Antibiotics Selects for Resistance on Plasmids</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Genes are transferred between bacteria by bacteriophages, conjugation (a kind of bacterial sex) and transformation, which is the release of DNA from one bacterium with subsequent uptake by another. Biofilms, which are communities of many different species of bacteria, stimulate transformation and exploit bacterial DNA as a matrix material to hold the communities together. The human gut is lined with biofilms and the biofilm bacteria secrete vitamins as the quorum sensing signals that coordinate community activity. Thus, some vitamins must stimulate transformation, the exchange of DNA among members of the different species of bacteria in the biofilms with evolution of new and novel species. Rapid change in the gut environment selects for a shift in genes that provide for adaptation to the new environment to small DNA fragments, plasmids, that move most readily between bacteria. Antibiotic treatment results in antibiotic resistance genes on plasmids.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Use of Multiple Antibiotics Selects for Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Persistent use of an antibiotic will spread resistance to a particular antibiotic through the gut flora, facilitated by antibiotic resistant plasmids. Replacement of a second antibiotic will result in a new plasmid with both antibiotic resistance genes. Hospitalization and exposure to a plethora of bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids will result in rapid conversion of gut flora to multiple antibiotic resistance upon exposure to any antibiotics. Hospital staff would be expected to be natural repositories for multiple resistance genes, especially if they are exposed to any antibiotic (or pharmaceutical.)</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Most Pharmaceuticals Select for Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids and Superbugs</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The frightening rise of superbugs resistant to all known antibiotics has been attributed to the accelerated use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture. Mixing megatons of bacteria in the guts of billions of people with tons of antibiotics, and still more in sewage treatment plants and agriculture, is bound to produce bacteria with every type of multiple antibiotic resistance plasmid imaginable. But that is not the biggest problem, since fingering the commercial use and misuse of antibiotics ignores biggest exposure of bacteria to antibiotics. It ignores the fact that most popular pharmaceuticals, NSAIDs, statins, anti-depressants, anti-diabetics, etc., also have substantial antibiotic activity. Most of these pharmaceuticals started out as phytoalexins and then were found to also have pharmaceutical activity. Pharmaceuticals are just repurposed natural antibiotics. When you take an aspirin or <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=metformin">Metformin</a> or a statin, you are taking an antibiotic. When you take a pharmaceutical, you are selecting for multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids in your gut flora and you may be making the next superbug.</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-26684072680828465372014-06-13T15:34:00.000-06:002014-06-25T13:09:48.123-06:00Health and Heparan Sulfate Circulation — Connective Tissue is Alive<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">--- The other 200 posts are here ---</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Arthritis, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, cancer, etc. are all diseases of cellular metabolism and secretion.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">What goes on inside cells and on their surfaces explains a lot about health and why we get sick.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Cells feed off of what’s around them, use some of those materials to replicate and package up cell-made materials for export.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Eat, replicate and secrete.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Symptoms of disease result if those processes are compromised.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9AqxDi0IGXB1i3exajVNoCExVDW-DPLVeb0oSwznMb6X9vm73-nMn2OEm6O2rES8u7yqiNd7BMzXNzoZYiKIgOvwvqmDTfKuhwhGJx1bNftc1sF_km8w30gmXKcLv03zCExLGJiCStg/s1600/cartilage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9AqxDi0IGXB1i3exajVNoCExVDW-DPLVeb0oSwznMb6X9vm73-nMn2OEm6O2rES8u7yqiNd7BMzXNzoZYiKIgOvwvqmDTfKuhwhGJx1bNftc1sF_km8w30gmXKcLv03zCExLGJiCStg/s1600/cartilage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9AqxDi0IGXB1i3exajVNoCExVDW-DPLVeb0oSwznMb6X9vm73-nMn2OEm6O2rES8u7yqiNd7BMzXNzoZYiKIgOvwvqmDTfKuhwhGJx1bNftc1sF_km8w30gmXKcLv03zCExLGJiCStg/s1600/cartilage.jpg" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWtRErmHi4CjCGtKgbIYQxnwOu-CoDgqWc0AIlq67HNLiJ0TX7XxvQy03UtIJdc4TG7Nz4jBrc1xR0cylCnoxwu88zljiwaop0GDQKIUuRtc5FJ7h73wYgwxV7AO3lUIcLU0FnoRgt_Oo/s1600/actin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWtRErmHi4CjCGtKgbIYQxnwOu-CoDgqWc0AIlq67HNLiJ0TX7XxvQy03UtIJdc4TG7Nz4jBrc1xR0cylCnoxwu88zljiwaop0GDQKIUuRtc5FJ7h73wYgwxV7AO3lUIcLU0FnoRgt_Oo/s1600/actin.jpg" /></a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Cell that make Cartilage, Eat Cartilage</b></span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The connective tissue that makes up the cartilage of tendons and the non-mineral parts of bones, as well as a layers of skin, is made up of proteins (collagen) and polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans, GAGs), e.g. heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate, produced by chondrocytes or fibroblasts. These proteins and polysaccharides are synthesized and then secreted by cells. This process goes on continuously, since the connective tissue is alive and literally crawling with cells that make the cartilage. To keep the connective tissue healthy, the old tissue has to be digested, so that new material can replace it. Thus, the cells that live in cartilage also eat cartilage. These cells get all of their nutrients, e.g. protein and carbs, from eating cartilage. They don’t get glucose and amino acids, or even oxygen (they ferment), from the blood, because there are no blood vessels in cartilage. The photomicrograph at left shows the red chondrocytes surrounded by a light capsule of heparan sulfate as they burrow through the purple cartilage. The next micrograph shows the cytoskeleton of actin filaments (stained with a red fluorescent dye, that lies under the cytoplasm of a chondrocyte. Motor proteins move other proteins, such as syndecans, the proteins to which the heparan sulfate chains are attached, through the cell membrane (see the animations below.) The last micrograph shows the green stained microtubule network on which vesicles move to carry heparan sulfate products from one end of the cell to the other (under the actin and past the orange-dyed nucleus) during synthesis and digestion.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF4cdCH8AgrwdIIA-beEHVAG5oa0Dg8qugddQexlxmztmdyPIF_VhdGpAVRF_XGhO0MO74x78q6KB4nEHzPUC0GDWSrCR7Vjw1bF1-IQqlu93GP4vhXEC_yQmXNvIKTsWiP6PynC7MmlY/s1600/microtubules.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF4cdCH8AgrwdIIA-beEHVAG5oa0Dg8qugddQexlxmztmdyPIF_VhdGpAVRF_XGhO0MO74x78q6KB4nEHzPUC0GDWSrCR7Vjw1bF1-IQqlu93GP4vhXEC_yQmXNvIKTsWiP6PynC7MmlY/s1600/microtubules.jpg" /></a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><b>Chondrocytes Burrow Through Cartilage</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Chondrocytes are the cells that eat and make cartilage, but all of this eating and making goes on at the same time that the cartilage is also holding everything together, i.e. it is still strong. If cartilage is cut and the cut ends are held tightly together, the chondrocytes will knit the cartilage together and it will become as strong as it was. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Heparan Sulfate Circulates over the Surface of Cells</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Chondrocytes are not actually rigidly embedded in the cartilage, but rather maintain a capsule of heparan sulfate around themselves. Thus, they continue to secrete a mixture of heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and collagen, but the heparan sulfate is recycled through the capsule and the other molecules merge into the existing cartilage. Thus, the heparan sulfate is a kind of carrier that keeps the cartilage from “setting up” while it is being made and transported. Other cells of the body, such as neurons, don’t make cartilage, but they still have heparan sulfate (HS) circulation that is intimately involved in many other processes, such as the action of hormones. Disruption of HS circulation causes the symptoms of Alzheimer’s or type 1 diabetes, for example, since amyloids assemble as filaments on threads of HS, and the amyloid filaments jam essential HS circulation. Plaque in atherosclerotic vessels is high in HS content. HS is also a major component surrounding vessels to form the blood brain barrier and the barrier to protein loss from kidneys into urine or loss into the gut lumin. Heparin (fragments of HS) is continually released from mast cells in the lining of the gut to prevent pathogens from binding to cell HSPGs. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>HS Sweep the Cell Surface</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">There is a constant flow of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) through the cell membrane from the rear of the chondrocyte to the front where the HS is digested again and the protein that was embedded in the membrane, syndecan, is recycled to the Golgi for another trip. HSPGs (animation to left with blue protein and yellow HS) are attached to motor proteins that propel them through the membrane along microfilaments of actin that form the cyctoskeleton just under the membrane in the cortical region of the cell. Thus, the heparan sulfate of the HSPGs stick out like hair from the cell surface and sweep continuously from the back to the front of the cell. At the front of the cell, the HS sweeps through the intact cartilage and reverses the process of cartilage assembly. The chondroitin sulfate, collagen and HSPGs are dragged into the cell and digested. The protein parts of the HSPGs are transported to the Golgi and the HS is synthesized along with other cartilage components and moved in vesicles along microtubules before it is secreted.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>HS is Secreted at One End and Eaten at the Other</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The animation left shows 1) the initial digestion of the cartilage proteins and polysaccharides on the left. These cartilage components of amino acids and sugars, are used by the chondrocytes as their sole nutrients 2), and to produce new proteoglycans 3) HS and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, in the Golgi, are 4) packaged into secretory vesicles and are 5) secreted on the right. The HS chains, attached to proteins, are 6) swept through the membrane (see the first animation above) toward the front of the cell, leaving the collagen and chondroitin sulfate for form cartilage behind. In the process, the heparan sulfate proteoglycans 7) disrupt and solublilize old cartilage ahead as the chondrocytes 8) move through the connective tissue like moles digging through soil.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Other Cell Processes Involving Heparan Sulfate:</b></span></div>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=amyloid+heparin">Amyloids</a> of Alzheimer’s and type I diabetes assemble bound to HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Hormones bind to receptors wrapped around HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Blood clotting is controlled by HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Complement is controlled by HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Blood brain barrier is composed of HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Kidney protein barrier is composed of HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Inflammation blocks HS synthesis and promotes heparanase synthesis.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">GAGs are animal soluble fiber when eaten and feed gut flora.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Pathogens bind to HS.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=HIV-TAT">HIV-TAT</a> is transported between cells by HS circulation.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Heparin is made by heparanase fragmentation of HSPG in mast cells and is secreted along with histamine. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">NFkB activation inhibits HSPG production and stimulates heparanase production.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Heparan sulfate proteoglycans organize nerve synapses and acetylcholine esterase binds to HS. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/08/antimicrobial-heparin-binding-domains_31.html">Gastric proteases</a> cleave around heparin binding domains of proteins, e.g. milk, consist of clusters of basic amino acids. Peptides with heparin binding domain are antimicrobial; all of the heparin binding peptides are subsequently degraded by pancreatic proteases.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Heparanase is initially secreted inactive and bound to HSPGs, but it remains bound and is internalized again along with the recycling HSPGs, and is activated before being secreted again.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Allergens and autoantigens are unusual proteins with sequences of </span></span><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=basic+triplet" style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">three adjacent basic amino acids</a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> (arginine or lysine) that require HSPG circulation for presentation of the immune system. Nuclear proteins that interact with nucleic acids have sequences of four basic amino acids, the nuclear translocation signal, and are therefore common antinuclear </span>auto antigens<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">.</span></span></li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Major points linked in this article:</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Metformin is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Metformin is structurally and chemically related to arginine, guanine and Canavanine.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Side effects of Metformin include GI upset and autoimmune lupus (same with Canavanine.)</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Metformin also kills bacteria, i.e. <a href="http://www.cysonline.org/article.asp?issn=2229-5186;year=2011;volume=2;issue=4;spage=219;epage=221;aulast=Dash">it is an antibiotic</a>.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Many pharmaceuticals, e.g. statins, were first identified as antibiotics produced by fungi.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Antibiotics select for antibiotic resistance genes, i.e. essential bacterial genes that have mutated to no longer be inactivated by antibiotics.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">New antibiotic resistance genes are combined with other resistance genes on multiple resistance plasmids that are transferred as a group.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Because of its wide use, resistance to Metformin (and <a href="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/11/1/13">statins</a>) as an antibiotic probably already exists and has been incorporated into multiple drug resistance plasmids.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Many common pharmaceuticals are also antibiotics and probably select for multiple drug resistance.</span></li>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A major contributor to multiple drug resistance, “super bugs”, and the rapid loss of efficacy of antibiotics is the over use of pharmaceuticals in general, in addition to the specific abuse of antibiotics designed to kill pathogens.</span></li>
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<b>Metformin is a Good Anti-Diabetic, but...</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Metformin is the treatment of choice for type 2 diabetes and yet, like many other common drugs, the full extent of its impact on the body (and the body’s essential microbiome of bacteria and fungi) has not been studied. This article should not be seen as a criticism of the pharmacological </span>efficacy of<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> Metformin in lowering blood sugar. The point here is that Metformin alters gut flora and its major </span>pharmacological<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> impact may result from alteration of the gut flora and not direct action on cells of body organs. Metformin, because of its structure and size would be expected to act relatively </span>indiscriminately<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> in numerous cell functions, but I don't think that these interactions are as important as the impact on gut flora. Metformin has all of the properties of an antibiotic selected to lower blood sugar and have limited side effects. It would not be expected to cause a dramatic increase in autoimmunity, because diabetics already have elevated autoimmunity and associated deficiencies in gut flora.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-weight: bold;">Metformin is a Diguanide</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> I previously explored the interesting properties of Metformin in my laboratory and through computer modeling experiments, and found it would </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">react with many cellular enzymes and receptors similarly to the amino acid arginine. This was no surprise, since the working end of arginine is a guanide and Metformin is a Siamese twin of guanides, i.e. a biguanide. I might as well also say that another guanide, Canavanine, a toxic, antimicrobial phytoalexin in bean sprouts, has similar properties.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>Phytochemicals as Antibiotics</b></span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I have studied (and <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/phytochemicals-natural-antibiotics-and.html">written about)</a> the natural plant antibiotics, phytoalexins, in legumes, and particularly in soy beans, so I would expect all of the chemicals, (a.k.a. phytochemicals or “antioxidants”) extracted from plants, e.g. alkaloids, polyphenols and essential oils, to kill bacteria and be toxic to human cells. The selective advantage to plants in producing phytochemicals is the antibiotic activity of those chemicals. Pathogens that have adapted for growth on one species of plant have resistance genes to that plant’s phytoalexins. Thus, bacterial genes for resistance to the antibiotic activity of drugs derived from phytochemicals are common in nature and broad use of these drugs merely selects for the transfer of these genes to gut flora.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b>Canavanine and Lupus</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;">What put together more pieces of the gut flora/antibiotic/autoimmune disease puzzle for me, was coming across </span><a href="http://thepaleodiet.com/alfalfa-sprouts-autoimmune-disease/" style="font-size: medium; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;">Dr. Loren Cordain's recent reiteration</a><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;"> of the toxicity of legumes and his singular example of Canavanine from alfalfa sprouts as a contributor to the autoimmune disease, lupus. When I looked up the structure of Canavanine and found it to be a guanide, I immediately started making comparisons to Metformin and was amazed to see that these chemicals share the same list of side effects focused on the gut. Moreover, lupus is also a side effect of both Metformin and Canavanine. It was initially surprising, that a recent study suggests that the anti-diabetic action of Metformin may result indirectly from its antibiotic effects on gut flora. I now expect that Canavanine causes lupus by killing or altering the metabolism of particular species of bacterial gut flora involved in the normal functions of the immune system, e.g. Tregs required for immune tolerance. It is now a common observation that many pharmaceuticals act indirectly via their impact on gut flora, i.e. many pharmaceuticals are fundamentally antibiotics, and particular antibiotics can duplicate the activity of pharmaceuticals.</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Pharmaceuticals Select for Multiple Antibiotic Resistance</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I have one other concern about the wide use of drugs derived from phytoalexins. Metformin can be considered one of those drugs, and just like phytoalexins, it is a potent antibiotic. There is no difference between purified natural plant antibiotics/ phytoalexins/ polyphenols/ antioxidants and commercially synthesized antibiotics with respect to selecting for resistance. I would expect that resistance to Metformin, as an antibiotic, has already developed in common gut flora and consequently, that multiple drug resistance plasmids from hospital pathogens now contain Metformin resistance. Thus, I would also expect Metformin and many other pharmaceuticals to select for multiple antibiotic resistance. [An additional example is the antibiotic activity of </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16911681">NSAIDs</a><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> on <i>Helicobacter pylori.</i> I think that prevalent use of</span> NSAIDs<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> in many countries is responsible for the decline in <i>H. pylori</i>.]</span></span><br />
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com49tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-9837898473632645812014-05-01T17:17:00.000-06:002014-05-01T17:20:08.470-06:00SweetMyx Taste Enhancers, Alapyridains?<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg50dOxJq0dlBSrc2M0Ii5rg89RC_KEe5CA98bumYvBxjr864ms0qEB1tCshIfFkQib1X0bl_dZfjGv1MU6M_dZ1MIi4upp9N8r07FLXjBFVLIWC62K9MXpizlbKRq0nlKv6WOy3vnanbs/s1600/Alapyridain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg50dOxJq0dlBSrc2M0Ii5rg89RC_KEe5CA98bumYvBxjr864ms0qEB1tCshIfFkQib1X0bl_dZfjGv1MU6M_dZ1MIi4upp9N8r07FLXjBFVLIWC62K9MXpizlbKRq0nlKv6WOy3vnanbs/s1600/Alapyridain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg50dOxJq0dlBSrc2M0Ii5rg89RC_KEe5CA98bumYvBxjr864ms0qEB1tCshIfFkQib1X0bl_dZfjGv1MU6M_dZ1MIi4upp9N8r07FLXjBFVLIWC62K9MXpizlbKRq0nlKv6WOy3vnanbs/s1600/Alapyridain.jpg" height="317" width="400" /></a><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/"><span id="goog_987084973"></span><span id="goog_987084974"></span>--- Here are the other 200 blog posts ---</a></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I was just reading announcements of new synthetic chemicals </span>(SweetMyx) <span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">to enhance the taste and help</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">reduce sugar and salt in "health foods".</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The new taste enhancers have already been approved by industry organizations that designate the chemicals as GRAS, generally recognized as safe.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I, of course, was curious about how the SweetMyx chemicals made food taste sweeter with less added sugar.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Notice how convenient it is that the food industry has found a way to charge more for less sugar, just as labels have been changed to specifically designate "sugar added:".</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Alapyridains are Taste Enhancers</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I searched the chemical literature for new taste enhancers, since the chemical ingredients in SweetMyx are trade secrets and will not be disclosed on food labels. It didn't take long to find that the likely suspects are called alapyridains. This group of related chemicals are synthesized with a central pyridine ring familiar from the related cytosine and thymidine of nucleic acids, the plant alkaloid nicotine and the vitamin niacin. A guanide group (half of the diabetes drug metformin, which is a biguanide) is added to make a salt enhancer, and a benzene ring is added to make a sugar enhancer. Without these additions, the central structure inhibits the ability to taste the bitterness associated with "healthy plant antioxidants," phytochemicals and essential oils.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Will SweetMyx Just Tickle your Taste Buds?</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The alapyridains that I expect to be in SweetMyx seem to be similar to common plant alkaloids, which are natural pesticides and antibiotics, i.e. <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=Phytoalexin">phytoalexins</a>. So I would expect these compounds to also be antibiotics with unknown impact on our gut flora, nervous and immune systems, just like all of the medical antibiotics. Based on the general putative structure of the taste enhancers and similarity to other molecules with known reactivities I would also expect these molecules to react with enzymes that bind sugars, e.g. glycosidases, or with hundreds of other proteins that bind to heparin, e.g. embryological growth factors, clotting factors, cytokines, amyloids, etc., etc., etc. It would also be expected that these enhancers will encourage consumption without satiety and therefore, just as artificial sweeteners, contribute to further obesity. In other words, these taste enhancers can be expected to have numerous, unpredictable medical and ecological side effects that will not be understood for decades.</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-3344273234328865202014-04-29T11:39:00.000-06:002014-04-29T16:57:29.264-06:00Breast Is Still Best, but Second Best is Donor Milk Banks<div style="font-family: Helvetica; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">-- Here are the other 200 posts on this blog --</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=milk">Milk</a> is a baby's first prebiotic and a major function of mother's milk is to prevent adult gut bacteria from inflaming a newborn's gut, before the gut is sealed up and a new immune system is developed. Formula companies scurry to get parents hooked on their expensive substitutes that promise ease of use and nutritional equivalence, but the sad truth is that these artificial milk substitutes undermine baby gut flora with tragic results.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Even in the rare cases where mothers are not able to breastfeed their babies, there is a safe alternative, donor milk banks.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">This post is a plea for new parents to wise up and smell the poop.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">You may need to tell hospital staff that you will be checking diapers and taking names to make sure that your baby only gets your breast milk.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Background: Up Close and Personal Birth and Breastfeeding</b></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuoB11DUF27qf9fKQMQF3k9SvUjX9MsAkHjvjGHxcpGqOLlT1JclpCS5CMx1iwa0DHX0K-dhz459NMF8t3aluTzhCkIkksiMgjvuSX0e_-XrrJE4QT418ud_DgG5nhqTpUGskHjfHmNM8/s1600/MalawiBetsy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuoB11DUF27qf9fKQMQF3k9SvUjX9MsAkHjvjGHxcpGqOLlT1JclpCS5CMx1iwa0DHX0K-dhz459NMF8t3aluTzhCkIkksiMgjvuSX0e_-XrrJE4QT418ud_DgG5nhqTpUGskHjfHmNM8/s1600/MalawiBetsy.JPG" height="170" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I have been personally and professionally concerned about the care and </span>nurturing<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> of babies for the past three decades. I was introduced to breastfeeding, milk and babies by my wife. My first faculty position was teaching premed students at Harvard and my wife was a nurse at the Harvard Medical School affiliate, Brigham and Women's Hospital. We honeymooned near a well baby clinic in Malawi. My three daughters were all born at home and never used formula -- they started to eat some mashed up food at about six months and continued to nurse for more than two years. My wife worked evening shifts, she provided some pumped milk and I drove the girls back and forth, so she could nurse during her break. She was also a <a href="http://www.lalecheleague.org/">La Leche League</a> leader for more than 25 years, was co-founder of the Singapore branch of LLL and has been an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant for 20 years. Because of our applied discussions of lactation, I also spent several years studying passive immunity and tolerance of the mucosal immune system of the gut.</span></span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>First Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Breast milk is nutritive for the newborn, but it also establishes the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/01/milk-kefir-and-gut-flora.html">baby's gut flora</a>. It is the quality of the gut flora, which species of bacteria, that determines if a newborn will thrive or die. If the baby is delivered by Caesarian, then her first gut flora will resemble the nursery staff. If she forces her way out the old fashioned way, her first flora will resemble her mother's vaginal flora. Interestingly, as birth approaches, the mother's vaginal flora shifts toward that found in fermented dairy products, i.e. dairy probiotics. As soon as milk starts to reach the mother's nipples prior to birth, it is colonized by lactic acid bacteria, the only bacteria that can survive in the harsh milk environment. Thus, breast milk is the source of both food and flora, and it is not surprising that breastfed baby poop looks and smells like curds and whey.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Breast Milk Kills Adult Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I used to enjoy watching the student perplexity when </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">E. coli</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> in lab experiments progressively died in contact with raw milk. All of the ingredients in milk conspire against normal adult gut bacteria to withhold essential vitamins, minerals and macronutrients. The baby' stomach enzymes also convert milk proteins into antimicrobial peptides, e.g. lactoferrin into lactoferricin (F<span style="color: blue;">K</span>C<span style="color: blue;">RR</span>WQW<span style="color: blue;">R</span>M<span style="color: blue;">KK</span>LGAPSITCVRRAF, note the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=heparin+binding">heparin-binding</a> domains consisting of basic amino</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> acids, K & R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">.) Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs, bifidus factor) are abundant in breast milk and block the attachment of pathogens to the lining of the gut to prevent infection. At the same time, milk hormones seal the intestines to prevent leakiness.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Formula Kills Pathogens with Inflammation</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Formula provides macronutrients for rapid weight gain (obesity risk), but lacks the protective components of breast milk. The result is a rapid and irreversible shift to dominant adult gut flora and the fecal smell of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">E. coli</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">. It is not surprising that the use of formula in under developed countries results in a high rate of infant mortality. It is, however, surprising that the gut inflammation caused by formula provides enough protection to permit its use in countries with high hygiene and good water quality.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Hospital Use of Formula and Bovine Products Increases Infant Mortality</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Full term babies are pretty tough and have been known to survive major calamities in addition to formula-induced inflammation. Tiny preterm newborns are a different story and their immature GI tracts are fragile. Unfortunately, the first line of defense for the newborn gut, newborn gut flora, is frequently ignored in neonatal intensive care nurseries, and a major killer of preterm newborns is necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), in which bacteria common to adults overruns the immature gut. NEC is dramatically reduced by using only breast milk, but hospital nurseries change slowly and doctors, staff and parents are unaware that formula and cow's milk products put newborns at increased risk.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Night Nurses Would Rather Feed Formula</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Recent studies show that newborns designated as "breast milk only" are still given bottles of formula, because night nurses don't understand the risks of formula and enjoy feeding the babies. The mothers are not usually told that their baby received formula and inexperienced mothers fail to recognize why their baby never had normal bowel movements. Some hospitals continue to use bovine, cow milk, products simply because they always have and they are unaware of the damage to newborn gut flora and the cause of NEC.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Donor Milk Banks</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Some mothers produce more milk than their baby needs and so they arrange to donate the extra to <a href="https://www.hmbana.org/">milk banks</a>. The milk banks pasteurize and distribute the milk. Many hospitals are unfamiliar with milk banks and donations have not been energetically encouraged, so both the supply and demand for donor milk are developing. It is important to realize that newborn and premature babies have very small stomachs of only a few ounces, and some mothers can easily produce a cup of milk at each feeding. Thus, the cost of using only breast milk by all babies for their first few days after birth is negligible compared to the risk of disease caused by formula use. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Demand at Least Second Best</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The bottom line is that <u>parents must demand that only breast milk be used in hospitals</u>, even if it must be from milk banks, and all parents must be able to check diapers for the yogurty smell typical of exclusively breastfed babies.</span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">For more information see the <a href="https://www.hmbana.org/">Human Milk Banking Association of North America</a></span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-59045139267648270752014-03-24T16:35:00.000-06:002014-03-24T16:35:19.179-06:00200th Post — Diet, Inflammation, Disease & Gut Flora<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">— <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">all 200 Posts</a> —</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I started posting to Cooling Inflammation on 21 Aug, 2008 with <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/08/how-your-diet-makes-you-sick-and-can.html">How Your Diet Makes You Sick or Healthy</a>. My impetus for writing was my growing awareness that diet was the major reason why people were sick, and that health myths were preventing people from being healthy. Inflammation originated by diet-inflicted injury and people attributed their sickness to genetics, environmental toxins and pervasive pathogens. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>My Path to the Obvious</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">My research background started with plant biochemistry, including carbohydrate structural analysis and polyphenol chemistry. At that stage I was interested in understanding how plants protected (phytoalexins) themselves from pathogens, and I expected to use this perspective to explore human innate immunity. From there, I went on to enzymology and protein characterization, biofilm structure, plant genetic engineering and breeding, monoclonal antibody production, mycotoxin detection, stem cell analysis, passive immunity in neonates, computational modeling of collagen and heparin binding, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan inhibition by inflammation. These were temporary foci and the research imperatives, in retrospect, prevented me from seeing the bigger pictures, although they did leave me with a broad skill set.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Perspective: Water and Surface Tension</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">When I finally decided to slow down, smell the flowers and start having kids, I switched from research to teaching, from university to small liberal arts college. For the first time, I actually thought about what I was teaching and my first revelation was that after teaching biochemistry for twenty years, I didn’t understand water and surface tension. I could provide the platitudes from the Molecular Biology of the Cell, but I couldn’t do it mechanistically with colliding, sticky, energetic water molecules in my mind or at the blackboard. I had to develop functional explanations of hydrogen bonds, entropy and thermal energy, that translated into the structuring of a layer of water molecules responsible for hydrophobic interactions and surface tension. I extended that to include an explanation of the two layers of water holding together cytoplasmic membranes, the tube of structured water that holds together the cylinder of stacked bases in DNA or the shrink wrapping water layer surrounding proteins.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Perspective: Heparin Binding and Amphipathy of Sugars and Basic Amino Acids</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">As the kids got older, I started to dabble in research again and my expertise in carbohydrate chemistry led me into cartilage (mostly the glycosaminoglycan, GAG, chondroitin sulfate) synthesis and ultimately another GAG, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). I was attracted to the dynamic HSPGs, that recycled with a half-life of six hours and formed layers around chondrocytes that secreted cartilage as they burrowed/ate through living cartilage. I learned that the heparin filled granules of mast cells could be stained with berberine, which similarly stained the heparin in basement membranes of tissues and amyloids of Alzheimer’s, atherosclerosis and diabetes. I was led by protein modeling of collagens to the binding of heparin to proteins and the revelation that basic amino acids (heparin binding domains) and sugars (heparin) are amphipathic, i.e. they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. This is also true of plant polyphenolics. Thus, polyphenolics, “basic” amino acids, “hydrophobic” amino acids, and sugars will all stack together.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Amphipathic Interactions</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">DNA bases stack.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Heparin binding sites of proteins are basic amino acids (Arg, Lys).</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Sugar binding sites in enzymes and lectins are hydrophobic amino acids (Trp, Tyr, Phe).</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Nuclear translocation signals, quartets of basic amino acids, bind to receptors with tryptophans.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Tryptophans are the most highly conserved amino acids in the same proteins across great evolutionary distances.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Hydrophobic bonding between tryptophan and a sugar or basic amino acid is ten times greater than hydrogen or ionic bonds.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Tryptophan/Arginine ladders zip regions of proteins together.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Polyphenols can disrupt cellular protein interactions by binding to receptors for carbohydrates/heparin, steroid hormones, amyloids, etc.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Heparin holds dozens of hormones to receptors and changes the shapes of proteins, e.g. clotting and complement.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Most nucleic acid binding proteins will also bind to the more negatively charged heparin.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Bacteria use a pair of lysines to mark proteins for export.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Peptides containing the basic amino acids of heparin binding domains (also produced by the specificity of gastric proteases) are antimicrobial, e.g. defensins, and so are plant polyphenols.</span></li>
<li><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Many drugs are active because they are domesticated plant polyphenols.</span></li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>From Heparin Binding to Antigen Presentation</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">As soon as I realized that basic amino acids were involved in heparin binding, I started to look for the basic amino acids (R for arginine and K for lysine in amino acid sequences) in proteins known to bind heparin. After study of hundreds of structures, it became obvious that heparin binding domains were simply a pair of basic amino acids (RR or KK or RK) with another within a distance of six amino acids. No particular structure was necessary, as I later deduced, since binding to the heparin provided the structure. In fact, in many X-ray crystallographic structures, the heparin binding regions on the surface of the protein are missing, because they are not in a defined shape. I suspected that protein antigens involved in autoimmunity and allergy might be brought into cells for presentation to the immune system by interacting with HSPGs on the surface and so started to check them out for heparin binding domains. I was very skillful at picking out pairs of Ks or Rs within sequences of hundreds of amino acids by that time, so I was shocked to see that the first dozen antigens that I checked, all had a triplet of basic amino acids. I had discovered that autoantigens and allergens utilize a <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=basic+triplet">basic triplet</a> analogous to the basic quartet used in nuclear translocation! This also explained why proteins that interact with nucleic acids and are transported into the nucleus with a basic quartet are also prominent autoantigens.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Flora and Immunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Twenty years ago I read a curious description of leprosy that said that the course of infection could be either innocuous or devastating depending on whether the aggressive or the suppressive part of the immune system dominated. I remained perplexed until I realized that diet and gut flora were the major determinants. I was aware of the importance of diet at the outset of this blog, because it was clear that diet trumped genetics. I was also aware thirty years ago in my studies of passive immunity, that milk contained bifidus factor, now known to be milk oligosaccharides, that controlled the growth of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Lactobacilli</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> that in turn controlled the development of the neonate immune system. It was also known that bacteria-free mice had impaired immune systems. It still took me several years for the relationship between diet, gut flora and immunity to make sense. I began searching the literature for connections between gut flora and development of the immune system and soon noted experiments that linked filamentous bacteria with aggressive components and </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> spp. with Tregs. A further refinement was linking resistant starch, a soluble fiber, with </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">My Current Views are Summarized in<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=health+in+diagrams"> Three Health Diagrams</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Diet, Gut Flora, Inflammation, Antigen Presentation, Tregs and Autoimmunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Protein from the body and from food don’t normally stimulate the immune system, because there in no inflammation, the proteins lack basic triplets that enhance presentation, and antibody production and aggressive T cells are suppressed by Tregs. Diet can throw the balance toward autoimmunity and allergy, by producing inflammation, e.g. hyperglycemia/AGE or high omega-6 fatty acids/prostaglandins, and starving gut flora needed for Treg production by eating processed food lacking soluble fiber. The combination of inflammation and Treg deficiency causes proteins, either self or potential allergens, which have basic triplets to be presented to the immune system and stimulates attack by the immune system.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>The Cure is to Cool Inflammation and Stimulate Tregs with Diet and Bacteria</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I have provided an outline with <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/09/anti-inflammatory-diet.html">The Anti-Inflammatory Diet</a> to avoid inflammation, to stimulate existing gut flora with soluble fiber and encourage Treg production. Mark Sisson, on <a href="http://www.marksdailyapple.com/the-primal-blueprint-21-day-challenge-infographic/?utm_source=mda_sidebar&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=sidebar_21_day_challenge#axzz2wvAVopGG">Mark’s Daily Apple</a> has provided an excellent dietary guide that also provides starch guidelines. If you already have symptoms of autoimmune disease or allergies, then Richard Nikoley provides gut flora repair advice on <a href="http://freetheanimal.com/2013/12/resistant-primer-newbies.html">Free the Animal</a>, and Dr. B G provides more details on <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">Animal Pharm</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Autoimmunity and allergies are not genetic destiny and they can be cured with diet and bacteria.</span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com55tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-43831488566503006212014-03-19T18:24:00.001-06:002014-03-20T14:08:30.418-06:00Health Diagrams III — Inflammation from Cell to Tissue<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">
<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">---All 200 Posts---</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I have explained my perspective in diagrams of the relationship between diet, gut flora and disease:</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-in-diagrams-i-gut-flora-and-diet.html">Health Diagrams I — Gut Flora and Diet</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">and of the interaction between gut flora, the immune system and autoimmunity:</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">Health Diagrams II — Curing Autoimmunity and Allergies</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Now I am discussing how inflammation, the foundation of most chronic diseases, begins at the cellular level and results in the classic symptoms of tissue inflammation: redness, heat, swelling and pain.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>NF-kB is the Transcription Factor that Controls Inflammation Genes</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Of the 23,000 human genes, about 1,000 on each of 23 chromosomes, five dozen, e.g. enzymes involved in nitric oxide (vasodilation and erection hormone), synthesis of heparin sulfate and prostaglandin synthesis from omega-6 fatty acids or cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFa), are associated with inflammation. These inflammatory genes are turned on or expressed in individual cells, when the inflammation transcription factor, NF-kB, is activated by any of numerous external signals, including inflammatory cytokines, bacterial or fungal cell wall materials (LPS or beta-glucan), advanced glycation end products (AGE, e.g. HgA1C, resulting from high blood sugar) or reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g. super oxide, from insulin resistance).</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search/label/NfkB">NF-kB and Inflammation</a></span><br />
<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2009/11/superoxide-causes-insulin-resistance.html">Superoxid Causes Insulin Resistance</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Inflammation is the Foundation of Growth, Birth, Cancer and Pain</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">We think of inflammation as the sum of physical symptoms, and our purpose in responding to inflammation is typically to limit its impact. We try to stop swelling by applying cold or hot, and we take aspirin to lower fevers and stop pain. We fail to realize that inflammation is essential to the growth and development of many different tissues, and that inflammation is a cycle that leads back to normal function. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Body tissues, such as the lining of the intestines or the uterus, continually produce new cells to replace the old that are sloughed off. NF-kB must be turned on for these growth and attrition cycles. Taking aspirin blocks NF-kB in the gut and stops local development of the lining, resulting in weak areas that bleed. That is why doctors encourage patients to drink a half glass of water before and after swallowing aspirin tablets. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Another more dramatic example of control of inflammation is conception, gestation and birth. Conception and gestation require inhibition of inflammation, to permit growth of a foreign organism (a fetus is half sperm genes) in the uterus. Chronic inflammation limits the ability of the uterus to suppress immune attack and can produce infertility, which is treated by aspirin and heparin, which suppress chronic inflammation. The return of inflammation at the end of gestation precipitates labor and birth. Excess Inflammation produces high levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines, which causes postpartum depression. Depression and chronic inflammation have the same cytokine profiles, i.e. depression is a symptom of chronic inflammation.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=inflammation+birth"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Birth and Inflammation</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Proliferation, or enhanced cell division, is another aspect of inflammation and is also the foundation for cancer. That is the reason that some doctors recommend low dose aspirin to reduce colon cancer. Similarly, since inflammation is the basis for coronary artery disease, doctors sometimes recommend low dose aspirin, although this is controversial. Doctors also use aspirin as a so called blood thinner, since it blocks inflammatory signaling in platelets and discourages clotting. Inflammation of nerve cells is experienced by the brain as pain. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">When it is understood that inflammation is an essential feature of many normal, healthy cell and tissue functions, then “inflammation," with its negative connotations, becomes a misnomer.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>NSAIDs Inhibit Inflammatory Prostaglandin Production</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Aspirin directly inhibits NF-kB activation inside the cell, but it also chemically modifies COX, the enzyme that converts omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (common in polyunsaturated vegetable oils) into inflammatory prostaglandins. Other NSAIDS (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) just inhibit COX, but Aspirin transfers its acetyl group to make acetyl-COX, which has a new activity that converts omega-6 fatty acids into anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. The high omega-6 fatty acid content of vegetable/seed oils, such as corn, soy, canola, etc. is why these oils, in contrast to olive oil or butter, are inflammatory. Omega-3 fish oil is anti-inflammatory, because it is converted to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. Plant omega-3 fatty acids are shorter and are not converted to prostaglandins, but inhibit omega-6 conversion.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=aspirin"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Aspirin</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Nitric Oxide, Vasodilation and Viagra</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Swelling is caused by vasodilation, the relaxation of blood vessels, and accumulation of serum in the tissue. This vasodilation also makes the tissue red and warm from the increased amount of warm blood in the capillaries. Vasodilation is caused by nitric oxide, NO, that is produced by an enzyme under the control of NF-kB, which takes the nitrogen from arginine (or nitroglycerine). The NO diffuses easily and binds to receptors that produce an amplified signal, cyclic GMP, that relaxes the muscle cells surrounding blood vessels. [Viagra is potentially dangerous, because it just exaggerates the amplified signal and obscures the underlying vascular damage, e.g. hypertension, that causes erectile dysfunction by blocking normal vasodilation.]</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2009/10/erectile-dysfunction-diet.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Nitric Oxide and Erectile Dysfunction</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Hot/Cold and Endorphins</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The dilemma of whether to use hot or cold therapy to block inflammation is based on a misunderstanding of what the temperature changes are actually doing. Changing the temperature of the skin alters the structure of sensory proteins in nerves of the skin and triggers signals to the brain that register as hot or cold. Chemicals, e.g. capsaicin or menthol, can have the same effect without changing skin temperature. The important response for inflammation control, is return signals from the brain that release neurohormones, e.g. endorphins, from different nerves that reach not only some of the skin that was hot or cold, but also deeper tissue. The endorphins block inflammation and all of its symptoms. That is why chemically treated pads are more effective than icing or changing from hot to cold, because "hot" and "cold" signaling chemicals can be applied simultaneously. None of the treatments is more than skin deep. Actually chilling or heating tissue below the skin is damaging and causes more inflammation. Low dose Naltrexone may be effective in some cases of chronic inflammation, by stimulating systemic rebound endorphin production.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=hot+cold"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Dr. Oz, Pain, Hot/Cold Receptors</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Lymphocyte Offloading, Mast Cells, Heparin</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Rosacea is a group of diseases that involve inflammation of the face in an exaggerated blush. Any of the signals that would lead to blushing cause intense vasodilation. A blush is fleeting, but rosacea is made chronic by another aspect of inflammation, offloading of lymphocytes. Large numbers of lymphocytes accumulating in response to a local infection would produce pus. In the case of rosacea, the distributed leucocytes, including neutrophils, respond to the blushing signals by producing inflammatory signals, such as P protein. The result is cycles of inflammation, autoinflammation.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Mast cells can also be offloaded from blood vessels and provide a link between the immune system and inflammation. Mast cells display IgE receptors on their surfaces, which bind antigens and trigger release of histamine, heparin and protease. Histamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on blood vessels and nerve cells. In the gut, histamine mediates many digestive processes. Heparin released along with histamine, coats the gut and prevents attachment of pathogens by competing for binding to the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that form the surface of cells that line the gut. [Heparin is the most common drug used in hospitals and is produced from intestines of cattle and hogs in the meat industry.] Heparin also binds and inactivates the proteases released from mast cells. Upon release, the now active proteases attack and activate receptors on nerves and immune cells.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/10/mast-cell-heparin.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Mast Cells and Heparin</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Heparin is Anti-Inflammatory</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Heparin is the most negatively charged polysaccharide, mediates most of the receptor/hormone interactions at cell surfaces; facilitates amyloid plaque formation, e.g. in Alzheimer's, atherosclerosis, diabetes, dementia; and controls numerous protease reactions in the complement system and clotting, etc. There are hundreds of heparin-binding proteins. Heparin is produced in secretory granules of mast cells by the action of heparanase on heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Heparin is a mixture of small fragments, oligosaccharides of heparan sulfate polysaccharides. Heparin is anti-inflammatory and is administered to facilitate conception and gestation. Inflammation also inhibits the genes involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan production and since HSPGs are a major component of basement membranes of tissues and provide the barrier function of blood vessels in kidneys and brain, inflammation leads to proteinuria and loss of the blood brain barrier. Since HSPGs have a short half life of six hours and are rapidly recycled, heparin added to the blood is rapidly absorbed by vessels, and heparin taken orally is absorbed by intestinal cells, but does not reach the blood. HSPGs and heparin are central components of immunity and inflammation.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=heparin+inflammation"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Heparin and Inflammation</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Inflammation Blocks Skin Synthesis of Vitamin D from Cholesterol</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Inflammation blocks solar synthesis of vitamin D in the skin and is more important than skin pigmentation, use of sunblock or latitude in producing vitamin D deficiency. The vitamin D content of food is negligible compared to solar production in the skin. It is not surprising that rising chronic inflammation is also accompanied by rising vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation is usually ineffective in curing vitamin D deficiency, because the supplements are too low and very high levels of supplemental vitamin D are required to reverse underlying chronic inflammation. Statins are very effective at blocking cholesterol synthesis and although reducing cholesterol has minimal impact on the target, cardiovascular disease, it dramatically reduces vitamin D causing muscle pain, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Most vitamins are enzyme cofactors synthesized by gut bacteria and used as quorum sensing signals during formation of biofilms. Vitamin D, in contrast, is a steroid hormone and receptors for vitamin D are inside cells. The receptor/vitamin D complex is transported into the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor to control the expression of genes. Vitamin D controls the expression of defensins in the crypts of the villi of the small intestines. The antimicrobial activity of defensins is based on the basic amino acids (arginine and lysine) of its heparin binding domains. Vitamin D also interacts with NF-kB in the nucleus and modulates inflammation.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=vitamin+D+inflammation"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Inflammation and Vitamin D</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Bacteria and LPS</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Lipopolysaccharide is a wall component that is indicative of bacteria, just as beta-glucan is indicative of fungi, and both are intense activators of NF-kB and inflammation. LPS is released from damaged bacteria, e.g. by antibiotic treatment, binds to receptors on the surface of intestines and stimulates inflammation with release of NO, which produces diarrhea. Food intolerances, which are based on incomplete digestion of food components, because of an incomplete gut flora (immunological responses/food allergies are rare) are probably also the result of LPS release from gut flora and inflammation.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Innate Immunity is also Triggered by LPS</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The basic defenses of humans against microorganisms are mediated at the cellular level by triggering molecules common to all microorganisms, e.g. LPS for bacteria. The responses are equally general: lysozyme to digest bacterial wall peptidylglycan, lactoferrin that binds iron and yields antibacterial peptides. LPS (and inflammatory cytokines) also stimulates the liver to produce CRP (C Reactive Protein) that binds to choline on bacteria as the first step in phagocytosis and DNAse I that digests NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) that are the DNA and histones released by triggered neutrophil cells that enmesh bacteria for engulfment by phagocytic cells. [NETS plug peripheral catheters and can be cleared with probiotics that stimulate DNAse I release from the liver.] NETs are also present at sites of inflammation and the accompanying nuclear proteins have the basic triplets that stimulate immune presentation and act as autoantigens, i. e. produce anti-nuclear antibodies, in the absence of adequate Tregs.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Diet and Inflammation</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The diagram outlines the interactions that produce the tissue symptoms of inflammation. Many components of modern diet can trigger inflammation:</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Sugars and high glycemic starches raise blood sugar and enhance AGE/HgA1C.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Vegetable oils high in omega-6 oils are converted into inflammatory prostaglandins.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Wheat and other grains have high glycemic starch and insoluble fiber that is inflammatory. Gluten is inflammatory.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Antibiotics damage the gut flora and produce vitamin deficiencies, autoimmunity and allergies.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Food intolerances result from damaged gut flora and produce gut inflammation.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Fish high in omega-3 EPA and DHA are anti-inflammatory.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/09/anti-inflammatory-diet.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>The Anti-Inflammatory Diet</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Health Results from a Balance of:</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Diet</b> (meat, fish, eggs, dairy, vegetables), containing macronutrients of protein, starch 30-100 g/d and fat (low omega 6/3 and saturated fat for most calories), and micronutrients</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Soluble Fiber</b>, e.g. resistant starch (consult <a href="http://freetheanimal.com/2013/12/resistant-primer-newbies.html">Free the Animal</a>), inulin, pectin, (plant polysaccharides, animal GAGs)</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Flora</b>, diverse and adapted to dietary soluble fiber,</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Exercise</b></span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/resistant-starch-panacea-but-why.html">Resistant Starch, Panacea, but Why?</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://www.marksdailyapple.com/the-primal-blueprint-21-day-challenge/#axzz2wSQkCGPN">Mark’s Daily Apple</a> provides an authoritative diet guide (except for the gut flora).</span></div>
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com40tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-65564487099231500942014-03-15T12:48:00.000-06:002014-03-20T12:57:16.866-06:00Health Diagrams II — Curing Autoimmunity and Allergies<div style="font-family: Helvetica; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">---All 200 posts here---</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">In this second in a series of posts explaining the concepts that I think are central, but misunderstood, about health, I am focusing on how diet and gut flora impact the immune system and cause autoimmunity and allergies. This cause also suggests a simple cure.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-in-diagrams-i-gut-flora-and-diet.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Health in Diagrams I -- Gut Flora and Diet</a><br />
<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-iii-inflammation-from.html">Health in Diagrams III -- Inflammation from Cell to Tissue</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Flora to Tregs to Suppression of Autoimmunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">It is important to understand at the outset that autoimmunity and allergies are caused by a damaged immune system, and repairing the damage cures the diseases. Damage to the immune system typically represents a break in the continual development of immune cells in the lining of the intestines. Immune cell development in the gut is dependent on bacteria, the gut flora. Damage to the gut flora, e.g. by antibiotics, processed foods that lack flora feeding fiber or extreme diets, disrupts development of immune cells. Typically, loss of the immune cells that keep the aggressiveness of the immune system in check, regulatory T cells or Tregs, results in autoimmunity. Fix the gut flora and autoimmunity recedes. </span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Health Requires Suppression of the Aggressive Immune System</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">For simplicity, I am focusing on the T cells of the immune system that develop in the intestines and either kill other human cells that are dangerous, e.g. virus-infected or cancer cells, or provide protection by regulating the aggression, Tregs. Normal functioning of the immune cells permits elimination of damaged or dangerous human cells, while at the same time avoiding rampages of lethally armed T killers. Examples of untamed T killers in action are degenerative autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, prostatitis, celiac, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, type I diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases and atherosclerosis. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Milk Births Baby Immune System</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">It should not be surprising that the focus of immune system development is the gut. We start as babies with explicit links between nourishment and immunological protection. Milk connects the immune systems of mother to baby. Immune cells from the mother are transferred in milk and colonize the respiratory and digestive system of the baby — the mother’s immune system coats and buffers the baby’s exposure to the world. Milk hormones close the baby’s gut and milk bacteria are the first probiotics that exploit the milk prebiotics (bifidus factor, human milk oligosaccharides) to produce a gut flora. [Also note that most commercial probiotics are adapted to grow on cow’s milk and hence these dairy probiotics do not survive in adults.] The lymphatic system of the breast terminates at the nipple and samples antigens/pathogens from the baby’s mouth, resulting in baby-specific secretory antibodies that return in the milk. Milk supports a starter set of gut flora, essentially dairy probiotics, that stimulates development of the baby immune system, but inhibits adult gut flora that would digest the protective components of milk. Formula, on the other hand, is inflammatory to the baby gut, because it supports adult gut flora before the immune system is ready. Inflammation and stimulation of innate immunity is sufficient, if supported with high levels of sanitation, to permit survival of babies fed formula. Milk of any type is incompatible with adult gut flora, so breast milk will attack adult gut flora and adult gut flora will digest and inactivate the otherwise beneficial components of the milk.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/01/milk-kefir-and-gut-flora.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Milk, Kefir and Gut Flora</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Aggressive and Suppressive Cells of Immune System Develop in Intestines</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Gut bacteria are required for the development of immune T cells in the lining of the intestines. Mice grown without gut flora do not have functional immune systems. In humans, extensive antibiotic treatment produces defective immune systems that are either overly aggressive, i.e. autoimmune, or susceptible to infection and cancer. They can’t be both. Aggressive T killers are stimulated to develop by filamentous bacteria and Tregs develop in response to members of the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> family. In a healthy body, there is a balance between aggression and suppression; there are functional defenses against infection and cancer, while also avoiding autoimmune disease and allergies.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Suppressive Tregs are Deficient in Autoimmunity</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Immune cells result from replicative divisions of stem cells. Antibody producing B cells are produced through a million random rearrangements of antibody genes and those B cells producing antibodies against common self proteins are killed (clonal deletion). Similarly, T cells are produced by rearrangements of receptors and those that would recognize self are eliminated. The T cells then migrate to the intestines where they can develop into killer T cells or Tregs, in response to gut flora. The Tregs act to suppress killer T cells that mistakenly recognize healthy self cells. Thus, the initial elimination of self-attacking T cells or for B cells that produce antibodies that bind to normal cells, is not perfect and the Tregs are needed to avoid the mistakes. Tregs are necessary to avoid the immune attack on healthy cells that is the basis of autoimmunity.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Autoimmunity Starts with Inflammation, but Requires Deficient Tregs</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Bacterial or viral infections, or physical damage causing inflammation is the first step in autoimmunity. It is the inflammation that initiates the interactions between proteins, autoantigens, of normal cells and cells of the immune system that bind, internalize, fragment and present the antigen fragments/peptides to activate B or T cells with corresponding receptors. The activated B cells make antibodies specific for the antigen and the T cells will kill cells displaying the antigen. It is interesting that most proteins are not autoantigens and are never involved immune reactions. Only proteins with an unusual triplet of basic amino acids, similar to the quartet of basic amino acids used to transport proteins into the cell nucleus, are candidates to be autoantigens or allergens. In fact, since nuclear proteins already have a quartet, i.e. the nuclear localization signal, they are common autoantigens. The last requirement for autoimmunity is a deficiency in Tregs, because if the Tregs are functioning, they will block attack on healthy cells. Treg deficiency usually results from loss of the type of gut bacteria that stimulate Treg production in the lining of the intestines, i.e. species of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Hospitals are Notorious for </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><b>Clostridium difficile</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b> Infections</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Fecal transplants are now recommended as a safe and efficacious treatment for </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">C. diff</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> hospital infections. That makes sense, because hospitals are where antibiotics are routinely used and </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">C. diff</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> can only infect people missing their healthy species of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">. Thus, the hospitals wipe out the gut flora with antibiotics and then recolonize them with their own antibiotic resistant C. diff. More antibiotics can’t fix it, but providing healthy gut flora (transplant) can.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Autoimmune Diseases are Treated/Exacerbated with Antibiotics</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Both the aggressive and the suppressive immune cells require gut flora, so after initial antibiotic treatment wipes out bacteria required for suppression and results in autoimmunity, the remaining aggressive half of the immune system can be eliminated by blasting the remaining gut flora with more antibiotics. Of course this will leave a highly compromised, incompetent immune system that will ultimately yield more extreme symptoms. This is the typical medical progression for Crohn’s disease, for example. The alternative is just fixing the gut flora to begin with and curing autoimmunity.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Cure Autoimmunity by Feeding </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><b>Clostridium</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b> Resistant Starch</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Autoimmune diseases, by their symptoms, show that sufficient gut flora to stimulate the aggressive half of the immune system is still present. What is missing are the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> species that convert soluble fiber, such as resistant starch, into short chain fatty acids, e.g. butyrate. Patients treated with antibiotics usually walk away from the hospital with a suggestion to eat some yogurt to repopulate their missing gut flora. Unfortunately, dairy probiotics don’t survive in the gut and cannot repair the gut flora and immune system. The result, after the gut fails to repair and the immune system crashes, is autoimmunity. There is a more appropriate possibility to avoid or fix autoimmunity. Some people suffering from autoimmunity (and with remnants of their gut flora intact) have simply fed their gut flora on resistant starch and achieved complete recoveries. Others fail to respond, because their gut flora is too severely damaged and necessary bacterial species are gone. Those individuals need to eat the missing species of bacteria and some probiotics (more common in Asia) contain </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> species. Consistent with this use of soluble fiber to feed gut bacteria that produce butyrate and stimulate the suppressive immune system are <a href="http://freetheanimal.com/2013/12/resistant-primer-newbies.html">reports of healing </a>by combining potato starch (RS) and probiotics with </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">butyricum</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> (Probiotic-3). Repair of the suppressive immune system by repair of gut flora (including fecal transplants) and feeding gut flora with appropriate soluble fiber, may be a general approach to the cure of most autoimmune diseases and allergies.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/paleo-gut-flora-repair.html">Paleo Gut Flora Repair</a></span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com107tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-58505075810194413092014-03-12T16:16:00.000-06:002014-03-20T12:58:27.358-06:00Health in Diagrams I — Gut Flora and Diet<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">---<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">All 200 posts here</a>---</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">This is the first of three posts to summarize my thoughts on diet, inflammation and disease mediated by gut flora.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I decided that I needed to make my points as explicit as possible by putting them down in diagrams and making references to my other posts.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">By the time I finish, I will reach my 200th blog post at Cooling Inflammation.</span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-ii-curing-autoimmunity.html">Health in Diagrams II -- Curing Autoimmunity and Allergies</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/03/health-diagrams-iii-inflammation-from.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Health in Diagrams III -- Inflammation from Cell to Tissue</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Everyone Leaves Out Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I want to first explain and diagram my current understanding of the relationship between gut flora (the complex community of hundreds of different types of bacteria and fungi in the intestines) and diet. My impression is that many people have health problems based on diet, but when they try to heal their health, they fix their diet and see only limited benefits. Medicine provides only a temporary treatment using dairy probiotics. The problem is that they failed to fix their gut flora, which was also damaged by their unhealthy diet. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Health Requires a Match between Diet and Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">It is a myth that gut flora will just adjust to diet and a healthy diet leads to a healthy gut flora. </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A damaged gut flora lacks necessary species of bacteria. Antibiotics, for example, can permanently delete dozens of particular bacterial species of gut flora that can only be replaced by reintroducing the missing bacteria by eating those bacteria again. The missing bacteria may be needed to digest particular foods and the result is food intolerances, commonly mistaken for food allergies. Antibiotic use frequently leads to autoimmune diseases, that are caused by deficient regulatory T cells of the immune system that develop in the lining of the intestines in response to particular gut bacteria. The natural source of gut bacteria is eating the bacteria clinging to raw or fermented vegetables.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=autoimmune"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Antibiotics and Autoimmunity</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Diagram Showing the Interaction of Food, Gut Flora and the Immune System</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Food is just Protein, Fat and Soluble Fiber</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The human body produces enzymes to fully digest proteins, fats and one polysaccharide, starch. All other parts of plants and animals are edible (fermented by gut flora) soluble fiber polysaccharides or insoluble, undigestible fiber consisting of cellulose or lignin, which together also make up the undigested organic matter, humus, of soil. Grains are problematical for health, because their starch is readily converted to sugar, i.e. high glycemic, and their fiber is insoluble (not fermented by gut flora) and high in phytate. Phytochemicals, plant polyphenolics, are of questionable value as antioxidants and are of unexplored importance for their antimicrobial impact on gut flora.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/phytochemicals-natural-antibiotics-and.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Phytochemicals, Natural Antibiotics and Antioxidants</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Polymers (Protein, Starch) are Hydrolyzed by Enzymes to Oligomers and then Monomers (Amino Acids, Glucose)</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The stomach mixes protein digesting enzymes, proteases, and starch digesting amylase, with food protein and starch. Proteases convert the long chains polypeptides, polymers of protein amino acids, into shorter fragments, oligopeptides. The specific nature of the stomach proteases leaves groups of basic amino acids (lysine, arginine), heparin-binding domains, intact. These peptides, similar to the defensins of the microvilli crypts, are anti-microbial and work with residual acidity to reduce bacterial growth in the first part of the small intestines. Pancreatic enzymes then digest the peptides further and the small peptides are ultimately digested by enzymes on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells just prior to absorption. Similarly, starch is degraded to oligosaccharide amylodextrins, which are then hydrolyzed to glucose at the intestinal surface prior to absorption. Amino acids and glucose are not normally available to bacteria in the intestines.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/08/antimicrobial-heparin-binding-domains_31.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Antimicrobial Heparin-binding Domains</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Fats are Dissolved by Bile, Digested by Lipase and Absorbed</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Fats are triglycerides, i.e. three fatty acids attached to the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Fats are hard to digest, because they form oily droplets. The droplets are dissolved in the intestines with bile, which is an acidic form of cholesterol, that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Fat in a meal triggers bile release from the gall bladder into the small intestines. The bile represents a huge reservoir of the cholesterol that is synthesized by the body and dwarfs the cholesterol content of any meal. Statins decrease body production of cholesterol, interfere with bile/fat digestion and lower lipid cholesterol levels. (Unfortunately, lowering lipid cholesterol levels has minimal impact on heart disease and the only impact of statins on cardiovascular disease is through weak anti-inflammatory side effects.) Pancreatic lipase removes two of the fatty acids from each triglyceride. The fatty acids (a.k.a. soap) and monoglyceride are absorbed by the intestinal cells and reformed into triglycerides that make their way to lymphatic lacteals and are dumped into the blood, where they circulate as chylomicrons surrounded in lipoprotein. Lipoprotein lipase binds to heparan sulfate on the surface of blood vessels and gradually removes fatty acids, until the diminished chylomicron is absorbed by the liver and exits as a VLDL. (Note that this is another connection between lipid metabolism and inflammation, since inflammation decreases heparan sulfate on cell surfaces. Heparan sulfate also mediates LDL binding to cells and amyloid stacking.)</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/search?q=heparin+binding"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Heparin-binding Domains</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Plant Polysaccharides are Soluble Fiber and Food for Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">All that remains of food after the protein, fat and glycemic starch (glycogen) have been removed in the small intestines are plant cell wall polysaccharides, resistant starch, storage polysaccharides, e.g. inulin, plant beta-glucan, animal glycans, e.g. chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, and insoluble fiber. The insoluble fiber passes on to be a minor contributor to the bulk of stools and the rest of the polysaccharide is potentially fermentable by gut flora into short chain fatty acids (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric acids). Some of the polysaccharides are simple repeating units of one or two sugars in long chains, but others are made of five to ten different sugars in complex branched structures. Simple repeating polysaccharides require just a few different enzymes for their initial synthesis and a few for their digestion. Thus, resistant starch can be digested by a couple of enzymes into glucose that can be used by most gut flora. Arabinogalactan, on the other hand, requires a dozen enzymes for plant synthesis and an equal number of hydrolytic enzymes to produce arabinose and galactose, which require further enzymes for metabolism in a select few of species of gut flora bacteria. </span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/resistant-starch-panacea-but-why.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Resistant Starch as a Panacea</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Food Intolerance/“Allergy” Indicates Missing Bacteria</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Gut flora in general can produce several hundred different enzymes for digestion of diverse soluble fiber, but most soluble fiber polysaccharides can only be digested by certain bacteria and those bacteria increase, if the complementary fiber is present in the diet. If a fiber is absent from the diet, bacteria that specialize in digesting that polysaccharide will be eliminated. People living on diets limited to just a few types of soluble fiber can only digest those fibers and a shift in diet to other types of soluble fiber will lead to symptoms of dietary upset, such as bloating, gas production and food intolerance. Food intolerances reflect inadequate diversity in gut flora and a mismatch between bacteria and food. Food intolerances can be eliminated by repairing gut flora and the typical repair solution is eating homegrown fermented vegetables that provide the missing species of bacteria.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/paleo-gut-flora-repair.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Paleo Gut Flora Repair</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Immune Cells Develop in Response to Gut Bacteria</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Most of the body’s immune cells are in the intestines. Cells of the immune system are constantly dividing in bones and the thymus gland, developing in the lining of the intestines and migrating to other tissues. Filamentous bacteria of the gut flora stimulate the development of aggressive immune cells that kill other cells that are infected with pathogens or viruses or are cancerous. Furrows perpendicular to the flow of food cultivate the growth of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> species that ferment soluble fiber, e.g. resistant starch, and release butyric acid that stimulates the development of regulatory T cells, Tregs. It is the Tregs that control the aggressive immune cells and prevent attack on self (autoimmunity) or innocuous antigens (allergy). It appears that merely eating resistant starch, e.g. potato starch, with probiotics that contain butyric acid producing </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;">Clostridium</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> bacteria may provide a cure for many autoimmune diseases.</span></div>
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<a href="http://freetheanimal.com/2013/12/resistant-primer-newbies.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Free the Animal: A Resistant Starch Primer for Newbies</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Biofilms Release Vitamins as Quorum Sensing Signals</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> The gut flora lines the intestines in numerous biofilm communities, which form from dozens of different species of bacteria that communicate by exchanging molecules called quorum sensing signals. These signals from the biofilms intimately attached to the lining of the intestines are vitamins. Thus, healthy gut flora are the major source of vitamins and other sources, such as fruits and vegetables are only needed, if the gut flora is damaged, e.g. by antibiotics.</span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2012/04/dr-oz-vitamins-biofilms.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>Dr. Oz, Vitamins, Biofilms</a></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Volume of Stools Reflects Gut Flora Fermenting Soluble Fiber</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The bulk of bowel movements, stools, is bacteria, the compressed gut flora that accumulated in the colon while fermenting soluble fiber. We always hear that we need to eat fiber for regularity, but since insoluble fiber is only a minor contributor to stool volume and it is associated with anti-nutritive attributes, such as the binding and removal of zinc and iron by phytate, the fiber that counts for regularity is soluble fiber. Regularity results from the fermentation of soluble fiber polysaccharides producing short chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, that are the major source of energy for colon cells. And the growing bacteria in the colon provide most of the bulk of the hydrated stools. Inadequate dietary soluble fiber or damaged gut flora, dysbiosis, leave only dehydrated insoluble fiber and compact stools of constipation. Constipation can result from dehydration or excessive retention, but chronic constipation, even in the presence of adequate dietary soluble fiber, is an indication of damaged gut flora and an increased risk for diseases resulting from deficiencies of Treg production: autoimmune diseases and allergies. Constipation and associated autoimmune diseases can be cured by repairing gut flora and supplying adequate dietary soluble fiber.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/01/milk-kefir-and-gut-flora.html">Milk, Kefir and Gut Flora</a></span></div>
Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com89tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196334975274806517.post-62889076512077767702014-02-20T16:02:00.000-07:002015-02-10T13:34:32.420-07:00Paleo Gut Flora Repair<div style="font-family: Helvetica;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/">….All 190 posts here….</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTuxcGDdn48yM-X-fX8R2joyPnS8cjL3ihHp01S6rqusJFovowK14PhlUmhIsZEx9PGYFHDEaGDjHaEtxlb43xNepFD_AhDd3Rm9FDiZM6eIe01adO-cTRESc3s_z0b8jdA0ee2GChHeI/s1600/PotatoStarch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTuxcGDdn48yM-X-fX8R2joyPnS8cjL3ihHp01S6rqusJFovowK14PhlUmhIsZEx9PGYFHDEaGDjHaEtxlb43xNepFD_AhDd3Rm9FDiZM6eIe01adO-cTRESc3s_z0b8jdA0ee2GChHeI/s1600/PotatoStarch.jpg" height="200" width="92" /></a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I was shocked to learn that there were some paleo (meat and veggie) eaters who were getting cured with resistant starch. I didn’t know that some were sick and, as I said in a <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/resistant-starch-panacea-but-why.html">previous post</a>, I would not have guessed that starch was good for anything, but spikes in blood sugar. I was rudely awakened by the shouts of Richard Nikoley on <a href="http://freetheanimal.com/2014/02/revisit-resistant-research.html">Free the Animal</a>, though I suspect the sanity behind the argument came from Tim and Dr. BG (though she has now modified her position) He presented a kind of Second Coming of Paleo with resistant starch to feed the gut flora as soluble fiber. How could I question food for flora? (How could I question Nikoley without my karate gi?)</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Paleo is not Paleo</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">It took me a while to realize that paleo is not the same for everyone. I thought my <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2008/09/anti-inflammatory-diet.html">Anti-Inflammatory Diet </a>(meat/fish/eggs/dairy and veggies, without vegetable oils or sugars or grains) was paleo. The way that I used this AID, it was high in saturated fat, low in polyunsaturated fat, high in protein, low in high glycemic carbs and ample in prebiotic, soluble fiber. Some would say it is low carb. Judging from comments on Free the Animal, I think I would be cast out by some of the more carnivorous (LC and VLC) in the paleo community for including prebiotic fiber. Some people don’t want to feed their flora, microbiota. It is a kind of “Let them eat meat,” mentality.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Gut Flora/Microbiota are Friends</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I think of my gut flora as fellow travelers on my life journey and what’s good for them is good for me. I don’t intentionally abuse them, but I also forget that they might not enjoy bourbon or the <a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/02/phytochemicals-natural-antibiotics-and.html">phytoalexins</a> in herbs and spices. I don’t begrudge them the soluble fiber that they need, and I think that they are a little happier with each apple (pectin) I feed them. I simply forget that most people haven’t taught micro, DNA sequencing and the biochemistry of plant cell wall polysaccharides. My wife starts to roll her eyes at any sentence containing “flora”, “antioxidant”, “inflam-“, “omega-“, “carb”, “paleo”, or even “microbiobiota.” And the list gets longer. I think that I'm out of touch, until I read Nikoley.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Paleo Diet without Prebiotic Fiber is Hard on Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">People get sick on paleo, because they don't feed their flora. Gut flora are needed to supply vitamins, short chain fatty acids and immune system stimulants. If you don’t feed your flora you get vitamin deficiencies, gut inflammation and autoimmune diseases (Treg deficiency). It is very important to remember that feeding your flora means matching the soluble fiber with the existing flora. Most people make the mistake of assuming that if they change their diet, then their flora will also change. Their flora will adapt with each of their hundred different species of gut bacteria increasing or decreasing in numbers, but no new genes will be present to digest new soluble fiber. Eating a meat diet will eventually eliminate gut bacteria needed to digest some plant materials and produce intolerances. The missing bacteria will not be regained upon return to eating plants again.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Changing Diet Does Not Repair Gut Flora</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Many people lose species of gut flora as they change from diet to diet, eat processed foods lacking soluble fiber or use antibiotics. The loss may be permanent, but need not be. Food intolerance and most “allergies” merely reflect missing species of bacteria, and introducing new bacteria fix the problem. Lactose intolerance, for example, can be cured by eating live yogurt. Similarly, many immunological problems, such as autoimmune diseases, result from species of gut bacteria that are needed for the development of the immune system, which takes place in the lining of the gut in response to gut bacteria. New bacteria need to be introduced to fix the deficiency and diet alone is not enough. Just to be clear; meat-exclusive paleo can lead to autoimmune diseases, because of deficiencies in gut flora diversity/species and adding back soluble fiber can only cure the diseases, if the bacteria needed to digest the fiber polysaccharides are still present or are reintroduced. Also note that there is soluble fiber polysaccharide sufficient in a carnivorous diet to support <u>properly adapted</u> gut flora.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Dairy Probiotics Do Not Repair Gut Flora Destroyed by Antibiotics</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Don’t expect dairy probiotics to cure diseases caused by deficient gut flora. Bacteria that grow on dairy cannot survive in the gut. I know that physicians, including Dr. Oz, recommend that patients treated with antibiotics eat yogurt to repair their gut flora. It ain’t gonna happen. That treatment is just for the doctor’s benefit (and provide some temporary functionality), to make her feel like she is addressing the problem responsibly. I suggest that the antibiotic-damaged gut flora will screw up the immune system and bring the patient back to the doctor’s office even sicker. Antibiotics are very good for business.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Health in a Crock</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">So, here comes the part that was missing from Nikolay’s Paleo plus RS. He left out the <u>missing</u> gut flora. RS is a panacea for those with some gut bacteria that can digest RS, but for those with profoundly crippled gut flora, e.g. some of those with autoimmune symptoms, RS is just inert fiber, not flora food. </span></div>
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<a href="http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2014/10/fermented-vegetables-repair-gut-flora.html" style="color: #cc6600; display: block; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 25.48000144958496px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;">Fermented Vegetables Repair Gut Flora</a><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">New bacteria must be eaten, and I think that the cure, short of the real deal fecal transplant, is still available in the original, paleo form of naturally fermented, live foods. The answer (and please forgive the fervor, because I think health can be this simple) is <i>Fermented</i> <i>Vegetables</i>, by Kirsten and Christopher Shockey. Their book, right, is coming out in September, and I think that the most important part of this cure is that it looks and tastes fantastic. This is not canned, dead sauerkraut. These are culinary delights from <a href="http://www.fermentista.us/blog/?category=Recipes">simple recipes</a> in which the natural bacteria do all the work. Since they are long time friends of mine, I have coerced Kirsten into giving me some advance access to some of her recipes. She has also tentatively agreed to share on my blog some of her personal fermentations on happy bellies. So check back for future posts.</span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Pay close attention, because some of these recipes may cure what ails you. They have the potential to repair your gut and are the healthful fix for a sickening faux “paleo” diet. Note that homemade, live fermented veggies contain 1) fermenting bacteria responsible for acidifying the brined veggies for storage, 2) additional bacteria of the species missing from your gut flora and are just along for the ride, and 3) veggies that have their soluble fiber intact and ready to feed your gut flora. Cooking, pasteurizing or otherwise harming the live, working bacteria in fermented vegetables destroys their benefit in contributing to your gut flora. It only takes a few of the bacteria that do survive passage through your acid stomach to fix your gut flora.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Major Points of a Healthy Paleo Diet</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">Meat/fish/eggs and veggies, without dairy, grains, vegetable oils and processed foods.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">Nikoley and others pointed out that a healthy paleo diet has soluble fiber, e.g. RS, to feed gut flora.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">Resistant starch is a unique category of soluble fiber with health benefits. (Other types of soluble fiber may also be needed.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">Diet alone is not enough for health, add gut flora.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px;">Diet and gut flora need to match.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The natural </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">paleo</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> source of gut flora bacteria is homemade fermented vegetables.</span></span></li>
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Dr. Art Ayershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01727664149735013259noreply@blogger.com142